biostudies-literatureBaig ANational Science Council8468https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12428735biostudies-literatureUnknown26(17)Agarwood, valued for its resin, has long been used in perfumery, incense, and traditional medicine. Its resin is primarily derived from species of <i>Aquilaria</i> and is produced through a still-unknown process in response to biotic or abiotic stress. Concerns regarding agarwood's sustainability and conservation have emerged because of the substantial loss of natural resources due to overharvesting and illegal trade. To address these concerns, artificial techniques are being used to produce agarwood. The mechanism underlying agarwood production must be elucidated to enhance yield. The authentication of agarwood species is challenging because of morphological similarities between pure and hybrid <i>Aquilaria</i> species. Techniques such as DNA barcoding, molecular marker assessment, and meInternational journal of molecular sciencesAgarwood in the Modern Era: Integrating Biotechnology and Pharmacology for Sustainable Use.PMC12428735MOST 111-2320-B-039-023-MY3Baig ALin MKAkram AfalseAgarwood in the Modern Era: Integrating Biotechnology and Pharmacology for Sustainable Use.Agarwood, valued for its resin, has long been used in perfumery, incense, and traditional medicine. Its resin is primarily derived from species of <i>Aquilaria</i> and is produced through a still-unknown process in response to biotic or abiotic stress. Concerns regarding agarwood's sustainability and conservation have emerged because of the substantial loss of natural resources due to overharvesting and illegal trade. To address these concerns, artificial techniques are being used to produce agarwood. The mechanism underlying agarwood production must be elucidated to enhance yield. The authentication of agarwood species is challenging because of morphological similarities between pure and hybrid <i>Aquilaria</i> species. Techniques such as DNA barcoding, molecular marker assessment, and me2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Aug2026-04-08T19:10:53.041Z2026-04-08T12:02:51.651ZS-EPMC124287354094339010.3390/ijms26178468