biostudies-literatureUnknown16Luo W<h4>Background</h4>Current treatment strategies for locally aggressive (beyond Milan criteria), early recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (erHCC) lack consensus. This study aims to compare the efficacy of hepatic arterial interventional therapies (HAIT) combined with molecular targeted therapies and PD-(L)1 inhibitors (HAIT-M-P) versus HAIT alone for locally aggressive erHCC.<h4>Methods</h4>This study retrospectively reviewed the data of locally aggressive erHCC patients treated with HAIT alone or HAIT-M-P at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2020 to 2024. The progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), tumor responses, and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were compared. Propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate Cox regression model were used to minimize cFrontiers in immunology1643082https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12463941biostudies-literatureHepatic arterial interventional therapies alone or in combination with molecular targeted therapies and PD-(L)1 inhibitors in locally aggressive, early recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study.PMC12463941Yun JYang ZLiu LMei JLuo WLin WLin YWei WGuo RLiu FfalseHepatic arterial interventional therapies alone or in combination with molecular targeted therapies and PD-(L)1 inhibitors in locally aggressive, early recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study.<h4>Background</h4>Current treatment strategies for locally aggressive (beyond Milan criteria), early recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (erHCC) lack consensus. This study aims to compare the efficacy of hepatic arterial interventional therapies (HAIT) combined with molecular targeted therapies and PD-(L)1 inhibitors (HAIT-M-P) versus HAIT alone for locally aggressive erHCC.<h4>Methods</h4>This study retrospectively reviewed the data of locally aggressive erHCC patients treated with HAIT alone or HAIT-M-P at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from 2020 to 2024. The progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), tumor responses, and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were compared. Propensity score matching (PSM) and multivariate Cox regression model were used to minimize c2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-06-03T21:45:29.074Z2026-05-02T03:08:37.222ZS-EPMC124639414101907910.3389/fimmu.2025.1643082