biostudies-literatureLin SScientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education CommissionOpen Research Project from Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Evolution and Intelligent Diagnosis and TreatmentKey Research and Development Project of Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Plan609https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12465653biostudies-literatureUnknown23(1)Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and highly heterogeneous brain tumor that continues to pose a significant clinical challenge. Current therapeutic strategies, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are hindered by the tumor's invasive behavior, resistance to treatment, and the difficulty of selectively targeting tumor cells. Emerging modalities, such as immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy, hold considerable promise; however, their efficacy in treating GBM is limited by critical barriers, including poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), tumor heterogeneity, and insufficient accumulation of therapeutic agents at the tumor site. In this study, innovative biomimetic copper selenide nanoparticles (CS@CM) are developed for targeted photothermal therapy ofJournal of nanobiotechnologyBiomimetic Cu<sub>2-x</sub>Se nanoplatforms for efficient glioblastoma treatment: overcoming the blood-brain barrier and boosting Immunogenetic cell death.PMC124656532024YFFK0249KJQN202100467KFKT202405KJQN202400202Lin SGalimova EXue PXing HChernov AZeng YLiu GfalseBiomimetic Cu<sub>2-x</sub>Se nanoplatforms for efficient glioblastoma treatment: overcoming the blood-brain barrier and boosting Immunogenetic cell death.Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and highly heterogeneous brain tumor that continues to pose a significant clinical challenge. Current therapeutic strategies, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are hindered by the tumor's invasive behavior, resistance to treatment, and the difficulty of selectively targeting tumor cells. Emerging modalities, such as immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy, hold considerable promise; however, their efficacy in treating GBM is limited by critical barriers, including poor penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), tumor heterogeneity, and insufficient accumulation of therapeutic agents at the tumor site. In this study, innovative biomimetic copper selenide nanoparticles (CS@CM) are developed for targeted photothermal therapy of2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Sep2026-06-03T21:36:27.619Z2026-05-02T03:08:01.618ZS-EPMC124656534101370010.1186/s12951-025-03696-1