biostudies-literatureKersch CDeutsche Gesetzliche UnfallversicherungFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg4481-4492https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12477086biostudies-literatureUnknown99(11)Dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and UV irradiation in occupational and environmental settings poses a health risk by inducing skin toxicity, including immunomodulatory effects. This study investigated the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a well-characterized PAH, at three concentrations (0.04 nM, 4 nM, and 4 µM) and UV irradiation on human monocytic U937 cells, employing both single and combined exposure scenarios. An integrated metabolomics and toxicological approach was utilized to assess cellular responses, with a focus on understanding the immunometabolic effects of these exposures. Our findings revealed that only the highest B[a]P concentration in combination with UV irradiation resulted in significant metabolic dysregulation and impaired cellular functionArchives of toxicologyGlutaminolysis impairment and immunometabolic dysregulation in U937 cells: Key mechanisms in occupational and environmental skin exposure to UV and benzo[a]pyrene.PMC12477086FB 275 BKaifie ASchmitz-Spanke SMasutin VKersch CAlsaleh RKuhlmann LfalseGlutaminolysis impairment and immunometabolic dysregulation in U937 cells: Key mechanisms in occupational and environmental skin exposure to UV and benzo[a]pyrene.Dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and UV irradiation in occupational and environmental settings poses a health risk by inducing skin toxicity, including immunomodulatory effects. This study investigated the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a well-characterized PAH, at three concentrations (0.04 nM, 4 nM, and 4 µM) and UV irradiation on human monocytic U937 cells, employing both single and combined exposure scenarios. An integrated metabolomics and toxicological approach was utilized to assess cellular responses, with a focus on understanding the immunometabolic effects of these exposures. Our findings revealed that only the highest B[a]P concentration in combination with UV irradiation resulted in significant metabolic dysregulation and impaired cellular function2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Nov2026-06-03T23:18:47.922Z2026-05-03T03:10:23.906ZS-EPMC124770864085518310.1007/s00204-025-04155-4