biostudies-literatureChan ACYMinistry of Education - SingaporeNational Medical Research Council219https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12486793biostudies-literatureUnknown22(1)Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) affects small-diameter sensory and autonomic nerve fibers, leading to chronic pain and autonomic dysfunction. While SFN can be associated with diabetes and autoimmune diseases, a significant proportion of cases are idiopathic. Although immune-mediated mechanisms are being recognized increasingly in SFN, their precise role remains unclear. This study investigates the presence of autoantibodies against interferon-induced GTP-binding protein MX (MX1) in SFN patients and explores their potential pathogenic role. A total of 59 patients with skin biopsy-confirmed SFN and 20 healthy controls were recruited. Serum samples were analyzed for the presence of anti-MX1 autoantibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry was performed on rat Journal of neuroinflammationInterferon-induced GTP-binding protein MX1 drives hyperexcitability in peripheral nerves: a novel mechanism in small fiber neuropathy.PMC12486793NUHSRO/2021/059/T1/Seed-Mar/02MOH-000437-00Sharma VKWong HYHuang HTeoh HLLi RSoong TWFoo NWJMak AChan ACYShah AMohammad Rizal NABSchwarz HZhang BfalseInterferon-induced GTP-binding protein MX1 drives hyperexcitability in peripheral nerves: a novel mechanism in small fiber neuropathy.Small fiber neuropathy (SFN) affects small-diameter sensory and autonomic nerve fibers, leading to chronic pain and autonomic dysfunction. While SFN can be associated with diabetes and autoimmune diseases, a significant proportion of cases are idiopathic. Although immune-mediated mechanisms are being recognized increasingly in SFN, their precise role remains unclear. This study investigates the presence of autoantibodies against interferon-induced GTP-binding protein MX (MX1) in SFN patients and explores their potential pathogenic role. A total of 59 patients with skin biopsy-confirmed SFN and 20 healthy controls were recruited. Serum samples were analyzed for the presence of anti-MX1 autoantibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry was performed on rat 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Oct2026-06-05T08:45:52.387Z2026-05-14T03:12:28.931ZS-EPMC124867934103502510.1186/s12974-025-03557-6