biostudies-literatureUnknown15(1)Serafini ERDSNeurogenic bladder (NB) dysfunction in individuals with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition that significantly affects quality of life. Despite the prevalence of interventions, there is a substantial gap in effective treatments for this dysfunction. This study proposes robotic-assisted gait training combined with motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) to induce improved cortical modulation, and consequently improve bladder function in patients with SCI. The study involved seven men with complete and chronic SCI in a protocol comprising 24 sessions of robotic-assisted walking with BCI and MI. This regimen was designed to teach both mu (µ, 8-12 Hz) and beta (β, 15-20 Hz) modulation through MI practices using multi-channel EEG neurofeedback (NFB), focusing on senScientific reports34633https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12494983biostudies-literatureCortical modulation through robotic gait training with motor imagery brain-computer interface enhances bladder function in individuals with spinal cord injury.PMC12494983da Silva Fiorin FA Dantas AFODelisle-Rodriguez DSerafini ERDSde Albuquerque TSdo Espirito-Santo CCGuerrero-Mendez CDBlanco-Diaz CFfalseCortical modulation through robotic gait training with motor imagery brain-computer interface enhances bladder function in individuals with spinal cord injury.Neurogenic bladder (NB) dysfunction in individuals with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition that significantly affects quality of life. Despite the prevalence of interventions, there is a substantial gap in effective treatments for this dysfunction. This study proposes robotic-assisted gait training combined with motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) to induce improved cortical modulation, and consequently improve bladder function in patients with SCI. The study involved seven men with complete and chronic SCI in a protocol comprising 24 sessions of robotic-assisted walking with BCI and MI. This regimen was designed to teach both mu (µ, 8-12 Hz) and beta (β, 15-20 Hz) modulation through MI practices using multi-channel EEG neurofeedback (NFB), focusing on sen2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Oct2026-06-04T02:36:37.839Z2026-05-31T03:06:56.509ZS-EPMC124949834104440010.1038/s41598-025-18277-3