biostudies-literatureGhatan SNetherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and the Ministry of Health, Welfare and SportEuropean Research CouncilErasmus University Rotterdam1744-1752https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12498280biostudies-literatureUnknown34(20)Parental genetic variants can indirectly influence the traits of their child through the environment, a concept termed 'genetic nurture', or indirect genetic effects (IGE). This study estimated the direct genetic effects (DGE), via direct allelic transmission, and IGE shaping height, body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) in a multi-ethnic Dutch pediatric cohort, examining children with repeated measurements at ages six, nine, and thirteen. We imputed missing parental alleles from the phased haplotypes of 1 931 478 variants (MAF > 1%), utilizing snipar (single nucleotide imputation of parents). We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and jointly regressed the proband's trait on their own PRS, while controlling for the proband's maternal and paternal PRSs. A total of 4488Human molecular geneticsGenetic nurture: estimating the direct genetic effects of pediatric anthropometric traits.PMC12498280874739101021500863981Felix JFGhatan SPingault JBCecil Cde Vries JJaddoe VWRivadeneira FMedina-Gomez CfalseGenetic nurture: estimating the direct genetic effects of pediatric anthropometric traits.Parental genetic variants can indirectly influence the traits of their child through the environment, a concept termed 'genetic nurture', or indirect genetic effects (IGE). This study estimated the direct genetic effects (DGE), via direct allelic transmission, and IGE shaping height, body mass index (BMI), and bone mineral density (BMD) in a multi-ethnic Dutch pediatric cohort, examining children with repeated measurements at ages six, nine, and thirteen. We imputed missing parental alleles from the phased haplotypes of 1 931 478 variants (MAF > 1%), utilizing snipar (single nucleotide imputation of parents). We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and jointly regressed the proband's trait on their own PRS, while controlling for the proband's maternal and paternal PRSs. A total of 44882025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Oct2026-06-04T05:44:07.668Z2026-05-05T03:13:10.451ZS-EPMC124982804084042910.1093/hmg/ddaf117