biostudies-literatureWang XShandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation3049https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12562201biostudies-literatureUnknown15(20)Heat stress (HS) severely significantly reduces milk yield and causes substantial economic losses of dairy cows. TMT-based proteomes and an untargeted metabolomics approach were used to conduct the proteomics and metabolomics in heat-stressed (HS, <i>n</i> = 6) and heat-resistant (HR, <i>n</i> = 6) Chinese Holstein. The proteomics showed that 29 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with SERPINA3-7, ACTN4, and PLOD1 up-regulated, and GSN down-regulated in HR cows. The metabolomics showed that 168 differential positive metabolites and 170 differential negative metabolites were identified, with HR cows exhibiting lower levels of anti-inflammatory compounds, such as N6-Acetyl-L-lysine. In addition, 29 DEPs and 338 metabolites revealed four key pathways, including the lysine degradation (kAnimals : an open access journal from MDPIIntegrated Analysis of Proteomics and Metabolomics for Heat Stress in Chinese Holstein Cows.PMC12562201ZR2023QC252Liu HYang JLi JWang CGao HLi RPei FBao PZhao XHou MGao YWang XHao DYuan YfalseIntegrated Analysis of Proteomics and Metabolomics for Heat Stress in Chinese Holstein Cows.Heat stress (HS) severely significantly reduces milk yield and causes substantial economic losses of dairy cows. TMT-based proteomes and an untargeted metabolomics approach were used to conduct the proteomics and metabolomics in heat-stressed (HS, <i>n</i> = 6) and heat-resistant (HR, <i>n</i> = 6) Chinese Holstein. The proteomics showed that 29 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with SERPINA3-7, ACTN4, and PLOD1 up-regulated, and GSN down-regulated in HR cows. The metabolomics showed that 168 differential positive metabolites and 170 differential negative metabolites were identified, with HR cows exhibiting lower levels of anti-inflammatory compounds, such as N6-Acetyl-L-lysine. In addition, 29 DEPs and 338 metabolites revealed four key pathways, including the lysine degradation (k2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Oct2026-05-15T03:19:49.456Z2026-05-15T03:12:41.874ZS-EPMC125622014115397610.3390/ani15203049