biostudies-literatureJavanmardi JBundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und RaumfahrtFederal Ministry of Health2379https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12566045biostudies-literatureUnknown13(10)The COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a reliable and cost-effective framework for monitoring the spread of microbes. However, WBE frameworks have rarely been applied to the study of fecal-oral transmissible diseases, except for poliomyelitis. Here, we investigated the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wastewater in Munich. We collected wastewater samples between July 2020 and November 2023. A total of 186 samples were processed using centrifugation and analyzed for HAV- and HEV-RNA using RT-qPCR. As a reference, we used notification data from clinically or laboratory-diagnosed hepatitis A and E cases. Lockdown stringency levels were derived from official documentation. Our results show that 87.6% of wastewateMicroorganismsContinuous Circulation of Hepatitis E and A Viruses During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns in Munich, Germany-Experience from Three Years of Wastewater Surveillance.PMC12566045031L0297E1369-386Hasenauer JSchemmerer MWallrafen-Sam KWaldeck EHoelscher MSchneider MWenzel JJJavanmardi JBohmer MMGeldmacher CRubio-Acero RKletke TBoehm BWieser ANeusser JHoch MfalseContinuous Circulation of Hepatitis E and A Viruses During COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdowns in Munich, Germany-Experience from Three Years of Wastewater Surveillance.The COVID-19 pandemic has increased interest in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as a reliable and cost-effective framework for monitoring the spread of microbes. However, WBE frameworks have rarely been applied to the study of fecal-oral transmissible diseases, except for poliomyelitis. Here, we investigated the presence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wastewater in Munich. We collected wastewater samples between July 2020 and November 2023. A total of 186 samples were processed using centrifugation and analyzed for HAV- and HEV-RNA using RT-qPCR. As a reference, we used notification data from clinically or laboratory-diagnosed hepatitis A and E cases. Lockdown stringency levels were derived from official documentation. Our results show that 87.6% of wastewate2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Oct2026-05-15T03:17:35.621Z2026-05-15T03:11:45.679ZS-EPMC125660454115683810.3390/microorganisms13102379