biostudies-literatureUnknown16Sulaiman JE<i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp. are major probiotic strains that have been shown to improve host metabolism and treat metabolic diseases. Previous studies have proposed formulating these probiotics as a therapeutic product to improve efficacy, but how they affect the growth and protein expression of each other in response to different nutrient environments remains unexplored. Here, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics on <i>A. muciniphila</i> and two <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species, <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium breve</i>, in the presence of different carbon sources. <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> displayed distinct growth profiles when co-cultured with <i>B. breve</i> and <i>B. longum</i> in media containing monosaccharides (Frontiers in microbiology1666747https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12631272biostudies-literatureProteomic study of <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species co-culture under different carbon sources.PMC12631272Li JHWLai YWang STsim KWKLai KLCheng KKYYutong DYSulaiman JELam HZhan YfalseProteomic study of <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species co-culture under different carbon sources.<i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium</i> spp. are major probiotic strains that have been shown to improve host metabolism and treat metabolic diseases. Previous studies have proposed formulating these probiotics as a therapeutic product to improve efficacy, but how they affect the growth and protein expression of each other in response to different nutrient environments remains unexplored. Here, we performed label-free quantitative proteomics on <i>A. muciniphila</i> and two <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species, <i>Bifidobacterium longum</i> and <i>Bifidobacterium breve</i>, in the presence of different carbon sources. <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> displayed distinct growth profiles when co-cultured with <i>B. breve</i> and <i>B. longum</i> in media containing monosaccharides (2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-06-05T17:26:41.894Z2026-05-19T03:11:55.622ZS-EPMC126312724127796010.3389/fmicb.2025.1666747