biostudies-literatureUnknown13(11)Hamed AM<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used agrochemicals implicated in nephrotoxicity through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. Natural peptides such as melittin possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, their therapeutic use is limited by instability and toxicity. Nanotechnology-based encapsulation presents a promising approach to overcoming these challenges. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of melittin-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles (MEL-NPs) against glyphosate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, with emphasis on oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. <b>Methods:</b> Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, glyphosate (5 mg/kBiomedicines2607https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12650702biostudies-literatureMelittin Nanoparticles Mitigate Glyphosate-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Cytokine Modulation and Bax/Nrf2 Pathways.PMC12650702Mahrous NSEldeeb Mohana ZEMonir DMElbahy DASoliman SSAbdellah WAAbdel-Latif HMRHamouda EEMFouda NARHamed AMAhmed ARHAbouelella AMAMahmoud Abdelfattah Elkassas AMfalseMelittin Nanoparticles Mitigate Glyphosate-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Cytokine Modulation and Bax/Nrf2 Pathways.<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are widely used agrochemicals implicated in nephrotoxicity through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. Natural peptides such as melittin possess potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties; however, their therapeutic use is limited by instability and toxicity. Nanotechnology-based encapsulation presents a promising approach to overcoming these challenges. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of melittin-loaded chitosan-TPP nanoparticles (MEL-NPs) against glyphosate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, with emphasis on oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. <b>Methods:</b> Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, glyphosate (5 mg/k2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Oct2026-05-20T03:16:25.294Z2026-05-20T03:13:10.644ZS-EPMC126507024130170210.3390/biomedicines13112607