biostudies-literatureXu YNational Natural Science Foundation of China42642https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12663386biostudies-literatureUnknown15(1)The rapid deployment of Fifth-generation base stations (5G BSs) in urban communities has led to rising electricity costs for mobile network operators. Meanwhile, distributed photovoltaic power plants (PVs) provide a promising solution to offset energy expenses and reduce renewable energy curtailment. This study proposes a hybrid quantum-classical two-stage stochastic programming approach for the co-planning of BSs and PVs in urban communities. In the first stage, warm-start quantum annealing is employed to determine BS deployment locations and capacities. In the second stage, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate and improve the operational performance of the integrated BS-PV system. Case study results show that the proposed method reduces total planning costs to one-third coScientific reportsHybrid quantum-classical stochastic programming for co-planning 5G base stations and photovoltaic power stations in urban communities.PMC1266338652477132Li ZHan XLuo RXu YfalseHybrid quantum-classical stochastic programming for co-planning 5G base stations and photovoltaic power stations in urban communities.The rapid deployment of Fifth-generation base stations (5G BSs) in urban communities has led to rising electricity costs for mobile network operators. Meanwhile, distributed photovoltaic power plants (PVs) provide a promising solution to offset energy expenses and reduce renewable energy curtailment. This study proposes a hybrid quantum-classical two-stage stochastic programming approach for the co-planning of BSs and PVs in urban communities. In the first stage, warm-start quantum annealing is employed to determine BS deployment locations and capacities. In the second stage, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate and improve the operational performance of the integrated BS-PV system. Case study results show that the proposed method reduces total planning costs to one-third co2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Nov2026-06-05T21:45:28.798Z2026-05-22T03:15:05.033ZS-EPMC126633864131542810.1038/s41598-025-26699-2