biostudies-literatureUnknown42(3)Miranda-Cuadros M<h4>Objective.</h4>To evaluate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and its association with social and demographic covariates in children between 6 and 35 months of age, based on national surveys conducted in 2008‒2010, 2015‒2016, and 2019.<h4>Materials and methods.</h4>The surveys used multistage stratified random samples. 24-hour recalls were applied on random days per participant, using the modified multiple-pass method, with the support of visual aids and scales. UPFs belonged to the Nova 4 group. Given the bimodal distribution, the covariates were analyzed using two models: a binomial model for the percentage of UPF consumers and a normal model for the average energy contribution, only among UPF consumers. The estimates and models were adjusted according to the samRevista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica240-251https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12679980biostudies-literatureEnergy contribution from ultra processed foods in peruvian children.PMC12679980Marron-Ponce JACampos-Sanchez MCediel Giraldo GMiranda-Cuadros Mda Costa Louzada MLfalseEnergy contribution from ultra processed foods in peruvian children.<h4>Objective.</h4>To evaluate the energy contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and its association with social and demographic covariates in children between 6 and 35 months of age, based on national surveys conducted in 2008‒2010, 2015‒2016, and 2019.<h4>Materials and methods.</h4>The surveys used multistage stratified random samples. 24-hour recalls were applied on random days per participant, using the modified multiple-pass method, with the support of visual aids and scales. UPFs belonged to the Nova 4 group. Given the bimodal distribution, the covariates were analyzed using two models: a binomial model for the percentage of UPF consumers and a normal model for the average energy contribution, only among UPF consumers. The estimates and models were adjusted according to the sam2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Dec2026-06-06T20:14:57.963Z2026-06-04T03:14:09.261ZS-EPMC126799804155754110.17843/rpmesp.2025.423.14339