biostudies-literatureUnknown14(11)Huan J<h4>Background</h4>Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy associated with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic efficacy. Currently, effective treatment options remain scarce. Although immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of NSCLC, its role in LM remains underexplored, and its efficacy as monotherapy is suboptimal. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that combining programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors with radiotherapy or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may enhance antitumor immunity. The combination therapy of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), PD-1 inhibitor and GM-CSF is an emerging treatment strategy currently under investigation in various advanced solid tumors, with a Translational cancer research8201-8209https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12686140biostudies-literatureLong-term survival in a patient with leptomeningeal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): a case report.PMC12686140Li YGu HQi WShan CHuan JfalseLong-term survival in a patient with leptomeningeal metastases from non-small cell lung cancer treated with stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): a case report.<h4>Background</h4>Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly aggressive malignancy associated with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic efficacy. Currently, effective treatment options remain scarce. Although immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of NSCLC, its role in LM remains underexplored, and its efficacy as monotherapy is suboptimal. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that combining programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors with radiotherapy or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) may enhance antitumor immunity. The combination therapy of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT), PD-1 inhibitor and GM-CSF is an emerging treatment strategy currently under investigation in various advanced solid tumors, with a 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Nov2026-06-06T00:32:35.89Z2026-05-24T03:11:57.177ZS-EPMC126861404137800910.21037/tcr-2025-1088