biostudies-literatureUnknown12Weng B<h4>Background</h4>The associations between analgesia and/or sedation exposure and adverse outcomes in very preterm infants remain controversial. Evidence linking these medications to moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes is particularly limited in large Chinese preterm cohorts.<h4>Objective</h4>The primary aim was to investigate the associations between exposure to analgesia/sedation and the composite outcome of BPD or death. The secondary aim was to assess the association with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months.<h4>Methods</h4>This large, retrospective cohort study included preterm infants (gestational age < 32 weeks) admitted to a tertiary NICU in Shanghai, China, from 2018 to 2022. The primary outcomes were two composite meaFrontiers in medicine1694251https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12698585biostudies-literatureAnalgesia and sedation increases bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk without significant neurodevelopmental impairment in very preterm infants.PMC12698585Weng BLiu YCai CZhang YYan CfalseAnalgesia and sedation increases bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk without significant neurodevelopmental impairment in very preterm infants.<h4>Background</h4>The associations between analgesia and/or sedation exposure and adverse outcomes in very preterm infants remain controversial. Evidence linking these medications to moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes is particularly limited in large Chinese preterm cohorts.<h4>Objective</h4>The primary aim was to investigate the associations between exposure to analgesia/sedation and the composite outcome of BPD or death. The secondary aim was to assess the association with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months.<h4>Methods</h4>This large, retrospective cohort study included preterm infants (gestational age < 32 weeks) admitted to a tertiary NICU in Shanghai, China, from 2018 to 2022. The primary outcomes were two composite mea2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-05-26T14:04:47.81Z2026-05-24T03:13:03.176ZS-EPMC126985854139313410.3389/fmed.2025.1694251