biostudies-literatureChong BIntramural NIH HHSNational University of SingaporeNational Medical Research Council165-177https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12718409biostudies-literatureUnknown86(3)<h4>Background</h4>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality. Understanding epidemiologic trends in the modifiable risk factors driving CVDs is essential in designing effective countermeasures.<h4>Objectives</h4>The aim of this study was to forecast geospatial trends of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, namely high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose, high body mass index (BMI), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and tobacco use from 2025 to 2050.<h4>Methods</h4>Historical data on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality from the GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2021 study were used to forecast the burden associated with modifiable cardiovascular risk factors from 2025 to 2050. Trends across GBD super-regions, sexJournal of the American College of CardiologyThe Global Syndemic of Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Projected From 2025 to 2050.PMC12718409Z99 HL999999Toh SANagarajan SRoth GChan SPMensah GAGoh RNicholls SJTan JWCChan MYChen YChew HSJKontopantelis EJauhari SMle Roux CWDimitriadis GKRichards AMHausenloy DSperling LSFigtree GALi HLip GYHWang JWMamas MAChong BChew NWSManla YKong GJayabaskaran JChin YHMehta AChia JMuthiah MAl Mahmeed WfalseThe Global Syndemic of Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors Projected From 2025 to 2050.<h4>Background</h4>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality. Understanding epidemiologic trends in the modifiable risk factors driving CVDs is essential in designing effective countermeasures.<h4>Objectives</h4>The aim of this study was to forecast geospatial trends of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, namely high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose, high body mass index (BMI), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and tobacco use from 2025 to 2050.<h4>Methods</h4>Historical data on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality from the GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2021 study were used to forecast the burden associated with modifiable cardiovascular risk factors from 2025 to 2050. Trends across GBD super-regions, sex2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Jul2026-06-08T05:23:34.381Z2026-06-08T03:08:49.421ZS-EPMC127184094066995410.1016/j.jacc.2025.04.061