biostudies-literatureColombo REDefense Health ProgramNational Institutes of HealthDepartment of DefenseInter-AgencyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesDefense Health Agency Immunization Healthcare DivisionInfectious Disease Clinical Research ProgramNational Cancer InstituteNCI NIH HHSUS Department of DefenseNational Institutes of Health Clinical CenterNIH HHSUniformed Services University of the Health Sciencese454-e463https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12728286biostudies-literatureUnknown81(5)<h4>Background</h4>Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) in the Department of Defense (PAIVED) study compared the relative VE (rVE) of 2 licensed influenza vaccines (cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine [ccIIV] and recombinant influenza vaccine [RIV]) to egg-based inactivated influenza vaccine (eIIV).<h4>Methods</h4>Between 2018 and 2021, PAIVED randomized (1:1:1) eligible Military Health System beneficiaries to receive eIIV, ccIIV, or RIV during an influenza season. Participants received weekly surveys querying influenza-like illness (ILI); those reporting ILI completed an online symptom diary, were interviewed by research staff, and underwent nasal swab collection. Laboratory-confirmedClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of AmericaRandomized Pragmatic Trial of the Comparative Effectiveness of Chicken Egg-Based Inactivated, Mammalian Cell Culture-Based Inactivated, and Recombinant Protein Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in United States Military Health System Beneficiaries.PMC12728286HU000119000275N91019D0002475N91019F00130Y1-Al-5072Jefferson JCerroni MWilliams AAustin ABurgess TArmstrong CLalani TBowers RRichard SAModi JRMartin MWarkentien TRichard SBecher DRichardson MColombo REMatthews KBanks SO'Connell RJPollett SSpooner CSundaram AKColombo RGrance MLoo SHogan VJones BTurner DParmelee ELawson LLohsl CNall DZollicoffer GHall ENivens ABazan SParish DFarmer ATant RGanesan AFriend CColes CLClakley BSimons MPOlsen CColes CMoreno NPAIVED Study GroupModi JBowman JSimon JBaker CKosh LOrtega OLoy SSchmidt KBerjohn CMZell ERCrosby DTilley DSaperstein AHussain MPark HDunham JHeilweil MBerjohn CCochran AMcNiff JRothenberg JMcClenathan BTilley DHKirkland NFries AFritschlanski MRitschl JPurves SHousel LGyben KMaves RBarahona IMarkelz AEBurgess THHrncir DMerritt TMerritt SPowers JSchofield CMurillo CCampbell WRomero MUtz GSmith AMarrier CMcClung AEwing DKing AGazlay LSeshadri SBlankenship KWayman MMende KPowers Iii JHSwarthout-Ebarb ASimons MBrunader JChambers SSmith RMaves RCCollins GPollett SDBedno SCollins LMacisaac MLarson DfalseRandomized Pragmatic Trial of the Comparative Effectiveness of Chicken Egg-Based Inactivated, Mammalian Cell Culture-Based Inactivated, and Recombinant Protein Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in United States Military Health System Beneficiaries.<h4>Background</h4>Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) in the Department of Defense (PAIVED) study compared the relative VE (rVE) of 2 licensed influenza vaccines (cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine [ccIIV] and recombinant influenza vaccine [RIV]) to egg-based inactivated influenza vaccine (eIIV).<h4>Methods</h4>Between 2018 and 2021, PAIVED randomized (1:1:1) eligible Military Health System beneficiaries to receive eIIV, ccIIV, or RIV during an influenza season. Participants received weekly surveys querying influenza-like illness (ILI); those reporting ILI completed an online symptom diary, were interviewed by research staff, and underwent nasal swab collection. Laboratory-confirmed2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Dec2026-06-09T04:54:18.152Z2026-06-09T03:07:36.502ZS-EPMC127282864097311310.1093/cid/ciaf503