biostudies-literatureLyu MNational Key Research and Development Program of China1031https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12737239biostudies-literatureUnknown13(12)Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) is a common and potent neurotoxic pollutant in aquatic environments. Due to their strong adsorption capacity, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO₂), a widely used engineered material, can induce combined toxicity with multiple pollutants. However, the combined neurotoxicity of n-TiO₂ and TAN and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to TAN (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mg/L) and n-TiO₂ (100 µg/L) individually or in combination for 120 h. The results indicated that co-exposure to n-TiO₂ and TAN significantly increased the bioaccumulation of TAN in zebrafish embryos compared to TAN alone. Consequently, this led to exacerbated neurotoxicity, manifested as developmental impairments andToxicsTitanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Aggravated the Developmental Neurotoxicity of Ammonia Nitrogen on Zebrafish Embryos.PMC127372392022YFC3203905Liu HLiu XZou XLi GLyu MShi FMa XZha JYang QWang XYu JShen YfalseTitanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Aggravated the Developmental Neurotoxicity of Ammonia Nitrogen on Zebrafish Embryos.Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) is a common and potent neurotoxic pollutant in aquatic environments. Due to their strong adsorption capacity, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (n-TiO₂), a widely used engineered material, can induce combined toxicity with multiple pollutants. However, the combined neurotoxicity of n-TiO₂ and TAN and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to TAN (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mg/L) and n-TiO₂ (100 µg/L) individually or in combination for 120 h. The results indicated that co-exposure to n-TiO₂ and TAN significantly increased the bioaccumulation of TAN in zebrafish embryos compared to TAN alone. Consequently, this led to exacerbated neurotoxicity, manifested as developmental impairments and2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Nov2026-06-08T03:11:22.987Z2026-06-08T03:08:11.267ZS-EPMC127372394144125210.3390/toxics13121031