biostudies-literatureZhang SMinistry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of Chinathe Heilongjiang Province Key R & D Program (Innovation Base)1641https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12737577biostudies-literatureUnknown17(12)Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT3 is a rarely studied serotype primarily circulating in southern Africa, with African buffalo (<i>Syncerus caffer</i>) serving as its key reservoir. In this study, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis of SAT3 based on 81 full-length VP1 gene sequences collected between 1934 and 2018. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses revealed five distinct topotypes, each with clear geographic and host associations. Notably, topotypes I, II and III were observed in both African buffalo and cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>), while topotype IV appeared restricted to African buffalo. Likelihood mapping indicated moderate to strong phylogenetic signal, and the mean substitution rate was estimated at 3.709 × 10^-3 substitutVirusesPhylogeographic and Host Interface Analyses Reveal the Evolutionary Dynamics of SAT3 Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus.PMC12737577No. 2021YFD1800300No. JD24A010Lin YWang GZhang SHuang QWang QZhao SGuo HLiang JLi BWang XSu YChen SBai FPan XLi JChai RLa QNi GChen FSong CLv JTian ZJi XHong ZDuo JfalsePhylogeographic and Host Interface Analyses Reveal the Evolutionary Dynamics of SAT3 Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus.Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT3 is a rarely studied serotype primarily circulating in southern Africa, with African buffalo (<i>Syncerus caffer</i>) serving as its key reservoir. In this study, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis of SAT3 based on 81 full-length VP1 gene sequences collected between 1934 and 2018. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses revealed five distinct topotypes, each with clear geographic and host associations. Notably, topotypes I, II and III were observed in both African buffalo and cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>), while topotype IV appeared restricted to African buffalo. Likelihood mapping indicated moderate to strong phylogenetic signal, and the mean substitution rate was estimated at 3.709 × 10^-3 substitut2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Dec2026-05-27T03:19:09.7Z2026-05-27T03:11:54.988ZS-EPMC127375774147231010.3390/v17121641