biostudies-literatureWu XAgricultural Science and Technology Innovation ProgramShenzhen Science and Technology Innovation ProgramNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNatural Science Foundation of Gansu ProvinceCentral Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund103https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12764550biostudies-literatureUnknown16(1)Animal growth and development are regulated by the growth hormone receptor (GHR). To elucidate the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the yak GHR gene, we cloned its proximal promoter region and performed bioinformatic analyses. Deletion constructs were generated to produce fragments of the proximal promoter, and the fragment exhibiting the highest activity was identified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Moreover, the functionality of the transcription factor binding sites was confirmed via site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Bioinformatics analysis revealed two transcriptional initiation sites were located in the upstream regulation region at positions - 277/ - 327 and - 1734/ - 1784 bp, and CpG islands were located at - 552/ - 654Scientific reportsIdentification and characterization of GHR gene promoter of yak.PMC1276455025-LZIHPS-01KCXFZ2020122117320501525JRRA450U23A202271610322024014Liang CYan PGuo XMa XWang FChu MGe QWu XShi YfalseIdentification and characterization of GHR gene promoter of yak.Animal growth and development are regulated by the growth hormone receptor (GHR). To elucidate the transcriptional regulation mechanism of the yak GHR gene, we cloned its proximal promoter region and performed bioinformatic analyses. Deletion constructs were generated to produce fragments of the proximal promoter, and the fragment exhibiting the highest activity was identified using a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Moreover, the functionality of the transcription factor binding sites was confirmed via site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Bioinformatics analysis revealed two transcriptional initiation sites were located in the upstream regulation region at positions - 277/ - 327 and - 1734/ - 1784 bp, and CpG islands were located at - 552/ - 6542025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Dec2026-06-06T10:26:21.43Z2026-05-29T03:11:38.899ZS-EPMC127645504132649510.1038/s41598-025-28761-5