{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["14(1)"],"submitter":["Markkanen M"],"pubmed_abstract":["The introduction of the first broad-spectrum antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, fundamentally revolutionized medicine in the 1930s. Shortly after, and ever since, sulfonamide resistance genes (<i>sul</i> genes) have been widely detected. Still, the most recent variant of these genes, <i>sul4</i>, was first described only in 2017, and its host range and transmission mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we applied PacBio long-read metagenomic sequencing and bacterial methylation signals to investigate the genetic contexts and bacterial carriage of the <i>sul4</i> gene in wastewater. Furthermore, we extended our description of <i>sul4</i> carriers to previously published data sets. Our results indicate that <i>sul4</i> is prominently found in sludge and hosted by various bacteria, such as"],"journal":["Microbiology spectrum"],"pagination":["e0085725"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12772301"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"pubmed_title":["Sulfonamide resistance gene &lt;i&gt;sul4&lt;/i&gt; is hosted by common wastewater sludge bacteria and found in various newly described contexts and hosts."],"pmcid":["PMC12772301"],"pubmed_authors":["Markkanen M","Karkman A","Virta M","Pezzutto D"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Sulfonamide resistance gene &lt;i&gt;sul4&lt;/i&gt; is hosted by common wastewater sludge bacteria and found in various newly described contexts and hosts.","description":"The introduction of the first broad-spectrum antibiotics, sulfonamide drugs, fundamentally revolutionized medicine in the 1930s. Shortly after, and ever since, sulfonamide resistance genes (<i>sul</i> genes) have been widely detected. Still, the most recent variant of these genes, <i>sul4</i>, was first described only in 2017, and its host range and transmission mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we applied PacBio long-read metagenomic sequencing and bacterial methylation signals to investigate the genetic contexts and bacterial carriage of the <i>sul4</i> gene in wastewater. Furthermore, we extended our description of <i>sul4</i> carriers to previously published data sets. Our results indicate that <i>sul4</i> is prominently found in sludge and hosted by various bacteria, such as","dates":{"release":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2026 Jan","modification":"2026-06-06T10:51:01.378Z","creation":"2026-05-29T03:12:00.509Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC12772301","cross_references":{"pubmed":["41258718"],"doi":["10.1128/spectrum.00857-25"]}}