biostudies-literatureBhandari SKthe Bisa Research Grant of Keimyung University202https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12786248biostudies-literatureUnknown27(1)Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss among the elderly, yet no curative treatment exists. While exudative AMD can be managed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, dry AMD-accounting for more than 85% of cases-progresses insidiously from drusen accumulation to geographic atrophy (GA). Although the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol represent major milestones, their therapeutic effects remain modest. This review provides an integrated overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying dry AMD, highlighting key pathogenic pathways involving oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, complement activation, mitochondrial impairment, and RPE-specific bisretInternational journal of molecular sciencesIntegrative Landscape of Dry AMD Pathogenesis, Models, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.PMC1278624820230632Lee SBhandari SKKim HJfalseIntegrative Landscape of Dry AMD Pathogenesis, Models, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.Dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss among the elderly, yet no curative treatment exists. While exudative AMD can be managed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, dry AMD-accounting for more than 85% of cases-progresses insidiously from drusen accumulation to geographic atrophy (GA). Although the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol represent major milestones, their therapeutic effects remain modest. This review provides an integrated overview of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying dry AMD, highlighting key pathogenic pathways involving oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, complement activation, mitochondrial impairment, and RPE-specific bisret2025-01-01T00:00:00Z2025 Dec2026-06-30T03:25:26.998Z2026-06-30T03:20:29.94ZS-EPMC127862484151608010.3390/ijms27010202