biostudies-literatureMun DGNCI NIH HHSWellcome Trustgkaf1498https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12802902biostudies-literatureUnknown54(2)Molecular profiling of human primary cell types is essential for understanding human biology. We present a transcriptome and proteome map of 28 primary human cell types. Three major clusters of epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cell types were observed in both the transcriptome and proteome levels along with the discovery of cell type enriched molecules including GRAP and C1orf116. The epithelial cell specific protein C1orf116 was further validated using immunohistochemistry across various human tissues. An exhaustive protein database search considering 39 post-translational modifications (PTMs) revealed novel insights into the PTM landscape including identification of understudied PTMs such as serine O-acetylation and histidine methylation. This also enabled comprehensive characterNucleic acids researchA transcriptomic and proteomic map of primary human cell types.PMC12802902U01 CA271410P30 CA015083IA/M/15/1/502023P30CA15083U01CA271410Kim MSPrakash ANa CHBurns KHRenuse SCox JHalushka MKKandasamy RKMun DGMadugundu AKNirujogi RSTiwary SSaraswat MRamarajan MGSingh SPandey AfalseA transcriptomic and proteomic map of primary human cell types.Molecular profiling of human primary cell types is essential for understanding human biology. We present a transcriptome and proteome map of 28 primary human cell types. Three major clusters of epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cell types were observed in both the transcriptome and proteome levels along with the discovery of cell type enriched molecules including GRAP and C1orf116. The epithelial cell specific protein C1orf116 was further validated using immunohistochemistry across various human tissues. An exhaustive protein database search considering 39 post-translational modifications (PTMs) revealed novel insights into the PTM landscape including identification of understudied PTMs such as serine O-acetylation and histidine methylation. This also enabled comprehensive character2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Jan2026-06-01T03:13:36.653Z2026-06-01T03:08:03.515ZS-EPMC128029024153357410.1093/nar/gkaf1498