{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Hu CY"],"funding":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","Instituto Nacional de Perinatología","NCATS NIH HHS","NIEHS NIH HHS","Ministry of Health Mexico","Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"],"pagination":["179-193"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12809656"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["169(1)"],"pubmed_abstract":["<h4>Background</h4>Air pollution and extreme temperature exposure during pregnancy is associated with lung function in schoolchildren.<h4>Research question</h4>What are the critical time windows during pregnancy when exposure to air pollution (fine particulate matter [PM<sub>2.5</sub>] and nitrogen dioxide [NO<sub>2</sub>]) and temperature affects lung function in schoolchildren, and do these exposures interact?<h4>Study design and methods</h4>Within the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stressors study, daily residential levels of pollutant/temperature exposures during pregnancy were generated from satellite-based models. Lung function was evaluated at ages 8 to 14 years and was modeled as z scores adjusted for age, height, and sex. We used distributed lag nonlinear models to evaluate overall and sex-specific associations of exposures with lung function outcomes. Interactive effects were evaluated through the relative excess risk due to interaction and the attributable proportion.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 429 mother-child dyads were included. Prenatal higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was associated with reduced lung function parameters, including FEV<sub>1</sub>z score (weeks 1-21, cumulative change: -0.23 [95% CI, -0.39 to -0.07]), FVC z score (weeks 13-19, cumulative change: -0.04 [95% CI, -0.08 to -0.00]), forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of vital capacity (FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>) z score (weeks 1-20, cumulative change: -0.20 [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.04]), and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio (weeks 6-16, cumulative change: -0.57 [95% CI, -0.11 to -0.04]). Similarly, increased NO<sub>2</sub> exposure was associated with reduced FEV<sub>1</sub>z score (weeks 1-16, cumulative change: -0.16 [95% CI, -0.31 to -0.02]), FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>z score (weeks 13-16, -0.02 [95% CI, -0.04 to -0.00]), and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio (weeks 6-15, -0.48 [95% CI, -0.96 to -0.01]). In contrast, both warmer (weeks 1-8) and colder temperatures (weeks 9-18) showed positive associations with FVC z score. Stronger associations were found in female participants. No interactive effects of air pollution and temperature were found.<h4>Interpretation</h4>Our findings emphasize detrimental effects of early-life air pollution exposure on long-term respiratory health and suggest potential sex-specific vulnerabilities, informing targeted interventions to protect child health."],"journal":["Chest"],"pubmed_title":["Identifying Critical Windows and Joint Effects of Prenatal Air Pollution and Temperature Exposure and Lung Function in Schoolchildren: Findings From a Prospective Birth Cohort Study."],"pmcid":["PMC12809656"],"funding_grant_id":["R01ES033245","K99 ES035894","U24ES028522","P30ES023515","K99ES035894","UL1 TR004419","R00ES027496","R00 ES027496","R01ES014930","R01 ES013744","R01ES013744","U24 ES028522","R01 ES014930","R01ES021357","R01 ES033245","P30 ES023515","R01 ES021357","UL1TR004419"],"pubmed_authors":["Kloog I","Hu CY","Just AC","Tamayo-Ortiz M","Mercado-Garcia A","Yitshak-Sade M","Estrada-Gutierrez G","Wright RJ","He MZ","Tellez-Rojo MM","Rosa MJ","Gutierrez-Avila I","Lamadrid-Figueroa H","Rivera-Rivera NY","Alcala CS","Wright RO"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Identifying Critical Windows and Joint Effects of Prenatal Air Pollution and Temperature Exposure and Lung Function in Schoolchildren: Findings From a Prospective Birth Cohort Study.","description":"<h4>Background</h4>Air pollution and extreme temperature exposure during pregnancy is associated with lung function in schoolchildren.<h4>Research question</h4>What are the critical time windows during pregnancy when exposure to air pollution (fine particulate matter [PM<sub>2.5</sub>] and nitrogen dioxide [NO<sub>2</sub>]) and temperature affects lung function in schoolchildren, and do these exposures interact?<h4>Study design and methods</h4>Within the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stressors study, daily residential levels of pollutant/temperature exposures during pregnancy were generated from satellite-based models. Lung function was evaluated at ages 8 to 14 years and was modeled as z scores adjusted for age, height, and sex. We used distributed lag nonlinear models to evaluate overall and sex-specific associations of exposures with lung function outcomes. Interactive effects were evaluated through the relative excess risk due to interaction and the attributable proportion.<h4>Results</h4>A total of 429 mother-child dyads were included. Prenatal higher PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure was associated with reduced lung function parameters, including FEV<sub>1</sub>z score (weeks 1-21, cumulative change: -0.23 [95% CI, -0.39 to -0.07]), FVC z score (weeks 13-19, cumulative change: -0.04 [95% CI, -0.08 to -0.00]), forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of vital capacity (FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>) z score (weeks 1-20, cumulative change: -0.20 [95% CI, -0.36 to -0.04]), and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio (weeks 6-16, cumulative change: -0.57 [95% CI, -0.11 to -0.04]). Similarly, increased NO<sub>2</sub> exposure was associated with reduced FEV<sub>1</sub>z score (weeks 1-16, cumulative change: -0.16 [95% CI, -0.31 to -0.02]), FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>z score (weeks 13-16, -0.02 [95% CI, -0.04 to -0.00]), and FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC ratio (weeks 6-15, -0.48 [95% CI, -0.96 to -0.01]). In contrast, both warmer (weeks 1-8) and colder temperatures (weeks 9-18) showed positive associations with FVC z score. Stronger associations were found in female participants. No interactive effects of air pollution and temperature were found.<h4>Interpretation</h4>Our findings emphasize detrimental effects of early-life air pollution exposure on long-term respiratory health and suggest potential sex-specific vulnerabilities, informing targeted interventions to protect child health.","dates":{"release":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2026 Jan","modification":"2026-06-06T16:01:20.733Z","creation":"2026-06-02T03:09:38.177Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC12809656","cross_references":{"pubmed":["40939936"],"doi":["10.1016/j.chest.2025.08.022"]}}