biostudies-literatureUnknown105(3)Napierkowska SThe widespread use of pesticides in agriculture increases the risk of chronic dietary exposure in poultry. This study investigated the effects of low-dose exposure to tebuconazole (TEB), imidacloprid (IMI), and glyphosate (GLP), administered individually or in combination at concentrations not exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs), on male reproductive performance in Gallus gallus. Roosters were assigned to eight groups and exposed for six weeks (Phase I), followed by a four-week pesticide-free recovery period (Phase II). Sub-MRL pesticide exposure impaired male reproductive function, with the most pronounced effects observed following combined treatments. During Phase I, exposure resulted in reduced semen quality, decreased fertility and hatchability, and increased embryo mortality, parPoultry science106389https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12819035biostudies-literatureDietary exposure to pesticides in poultry: From semen quality to embryonic mortality and tissue accumulation.PMC12819035Smaga LFroment PKowalczyk ALozowicka BNizanski WPartyka ARosenberger JKaczynski PDupont JNapierkowska SBirger MMadej JPfalseDietary exposure to pesticides in poultry: From semen quality to embryonic mortality and tissue accumulation.The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture increases the risk of chronic dietary exposure in poultry. This study investigated the effects of low-dose exposure to tebuconazole (TEB), imidacloprid (IMI), and glyphosate (GLP), administered individually or in combination at concentrations not exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs), on male reproductive performance in Gallus gallus. Roosters were assigned to eight groups and exposed for six weeks (Phase I), followed by a four-week pesticide-free recovery period (Phase II). Sub-MRL pesticide exposure impaired male reproductive function, with the most pronounced effects observed following combined treatments. During Phase I, exposure resulted in reduced semen quality, decreased fertility and hatchability, and increased embryo mortality, par2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Jan2026-06-06T21:51:11.63Z2026-06-05T03:11:45.889ZS-EPMC128190354151890610.1016/j.psj.2026.106389