biostudies-literatureGonzalez JSNCATS NIH HHSDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic DiseasesCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNIDDK NIH HHSNIA NIH HHSNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNHLBI NIH HHSAmerican Diabetes AssociationNIGMS NIH HHSCDC HHS335-343https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12824802biostudies-literatureUnknown49(2)<h4>Objective</h4>To address previous inconsistencies in reports of differential adherence to diabetes medications, we examined medication adherence and evaluated treatment group differences in a substudy of participants in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).<h4>Research design and methods</h4>GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin. Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739). Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the assocDiabetes careMedication Adherence in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).PMC12824802R01DK104845UL1 TR002378UL1 TR002537P30 DK111022UL1 TR002535UL1 TR000439UL1 TR001449UL1 TR001108UL1 TR001409U01DK098246P30 DK020572R01 DK104845UL1 TR002243P30 DK092926UL1 TR002489UL1 TR002345UL1 TR002548P30 DK017047U54 GM104940UL1 TR000445P30DK111022UL1 TR002529P01 AG003949U34DK088043U34 DK088043P30 DK072476U01 DK098246P30 DK079626P30 DK020541Pucchetti BSchield EPetrovitch HUtzschneider KMAlfano LRessing ARhothisen SKuechenmeister LNgo LDeManbey ABahtiyar GBurgess ESchnurr-Breen LMagee MCherrington ALMech MMaher-Albertelli MGonzalez Hattery EPerson SOropesa-Gonzalez LWaltje ABallentine-Cargill KHurtado MYoung TFalck-Ytter CJuarez DYoung LTsovian MMontgomery BKHoward DKarshner TGliwa AHerson MJenkins VSoni LRoss ACurtis JMMorton 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DMishko MMWarren SBaker CBalasubramanyam AHox SHAgne AManandhar LKunkel SColosimo LCostello JMcKee MDCuffee JLargay JFMachineni SBackman MWalker EAMorehead FCersosimo EIshii RRWexler DBroyles FEGao YGabrielson DCriscola JDiaz EMullen MDuran SMariash CNCasula SDragg AIacoboni JThangthaeng NEstrella HSchade DSBehringer-Massera SChambers BRhee CSchneier HSivitz WIDouglass SFortmann SLund CRaines TSWalker EJacobson MHLyon CBurbach SFry GPop-Busui RLorber DPrihoda JSmith OGhazi ARhee MSmith SArends VMorales ALKozedub ATucker LBancroft ALord GHamm MGarza RITaylor WWright KCulmer DAlfred AGaba RPatel CHazlett CSturgess DLeger JLagari-Libhaber VFattaleh BNCopeland PAbraham SPatel NGulanski BLaSalle EMaxwell ABethepu JCuadot AKreymer RBWright CJr ESStancil KAMcPhee GCraig JGurry LGullett CRiera GSeaquist ERVeciana BGonzalez JNieto-Martinez RZamorano AButera NShivaswamy VMartens TAtkinson KMTillson RConcepcion THamilton TJosephson DHAugust PMangat Dhaliwal PGolden SBerame KGhosh AHillard MCoffer STanukonda SLawson MCRTan MHRodriguez MGKulow TKirkman MSHill RKendal YJIdeozu AXhori EDulin HFraser RTurchin AWexler DJRocchio GTiktin MBantle AKuhn AKrol ASavoye LEggleston RThomas LLNathan DMFradkin JRamey PAJones SGreenway FLSood ATrikudanathan SBoyko EJArey AJensen CKauffman BCayford MBermudez NOWhitley KRaskin PTriplitt CEggert JRaymond EOnadeko TPring JBantle JPark JEJackson MKochis RBurch HBGlauber HVonder Meulen MBJosey KSahnow SLessard KKrakoff JGRADE Research Group*Lipp SWilson PButera NMHaynes NMesimer EGuarda SSao SPrikhodko NFattaleh BSteppel-Reznik JDiner JHall SDCanaris GMartin KBergamo KWhite CAWerner AMungara RCefalu WTLarkin MECramer BMoak CAdolphe AKerr JHue LJoshevama EArceneaux JAsh BSteiner SHyatt JLee MSLteif ASayyed Kassem LGarvey WTLorch RRogge MCSteiner BWaguespack CKessler NLee MJordan LFDay JKuo SSeegmiller JConner TChu KGluth JDebnam EAdams CMatwichyna MHausheer CDesouza CCarlson CValencia WMCarlson AWilson CGutt MFein WLGoland RBuys CJRazzaghi MKnosp LKMadden MIsmail-Beigi FAbdul-Ghani MBays KWen HRedmon BCline EGarg RPavlionis MAguillar DLowe TPark JAdkins CHope LDeFronzo RAWillis HHerman WHFagan ALegowski EUnderkofler CBrown NMNaik ATorgrimson-Ojerio BGriffith OBanerji MAAbdouch IYang SDuran-Valdez EMontosa AKonerza WO'Neal HFriason CBojescu SCohen RMGonzalez de la Torre SNewman CTsingine KSaenger ACrandall JPBurton KIannone LThomassie ARasouli NMcGee PRiccio Veliz AKKing EPuckett CMularski KTejada JJimenez JSeipel KSteffes MAroda VFuller GPirics VKumar AGhioni DMather KJfalseMedication Adherence in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).<h4>Objective</h4>To address previous inconsistencies in reports of differential adherence to diabetes medications, we examined medication adherence and evaluated treatment group differences in a substudy of participants in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE).<h4>Research design and methods</h4>GRADE participants (type 2 diabetes duration <10 years, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, on metformin alone) were randomly assigned to add insulin glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin. Adherence was measured semiannually for 3 years using a validated three-item scale (0-100, lowest to highest adherence) in a substudy (N = 1,739). Analyses included evaluation of adherence over time and testing treatment group differences in adherence and in the assoc2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Feb2026-06-05T03:25:42.464Z2026-06-05T03:12:11.586ZS-EPMC128248024155798710.2337/dc25-2008