{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Nunes M"],"funding":["Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia"],"pagination":["e202500369"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12856815"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["91(2)"],"pubmed_abstract":["Iron gall inks (IGIs) played a central role as a writing medium in Western countries, leaving behind a vast legacy and significant conservation challenges. This study presents a twofold methodological approach to investigate the physicochemical behaviour of IGI-based formulations found in historical Portuguese sources. Fresh and 6-month naturally aged precipitates and supernatant solutions (dried inks) were characterised, and the impact of IGIs on Whatman paper over ageing was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Iron(II) sulphates comprised the primary crystalline phase in the precipitates, while the dried inks consisted of distinct Fe(III)-polyphenol (PPh) complexes."],"journal":["ChemPlusChem"],"pubmed_title":["From Ink to Mockup: An Integrated Study of Historical Gall Ink Formulations and Their Impact on Paper."],"pmcid":["PMC12856815"],"funding_grant_id":["10.54499/LA/P/0132/2020","10.54499/UID/PRR/04449/2025","LA/P/0006/2020","Grants PTDC/ART-HIS/32327/2017","UID/Multi/04349/2020","10.54499/2022.01486.PTDC","UIDB/00195/2020"],"pubmed_authors":["Vieira BJC","Ferreira T","Costa AP","Cabral MEA","Nogueira HIS","Nunes M","Mitchell SG","Waerenborgh JC","Vieira JC","Claro A"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"From Ink to Mockup: An Integrated Study of Historical Gall Ink Formulations and Their Impact on Paper.","description":"Iron gall inks (IGIs) played a central role as a writing medium in Western countries, leaving behind a vast legacy and significant conservation challenges. This study presents a twofold methodological approach to investigate the physicochemical behaviour of IGI-based formulations found in historical Portuguese sources. Fresh and 6-month naturally aged precipitates and supernatant solutions (dried inks) were characterised, and the impact of IGIs on Whatman paper over ageing was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Iron(II) sulphates comprised the primary crystalline phase in the precipitates, while the dried inks consisted of distinct Fe(III)-polyphenol (PPh) complexes.","dates":{"release":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2026 Feb","modification":"2026-06-14T03:09:58.891Z","creation":"2026-06-14T03:08:22.375Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC12856815","cross_references":{"pubmed":["41614380"],"doi":["10.1002/cplu.202500369"]}}