biostudies-literatureUnknown13de Pedro MA<h4>Background</h4>The effects of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cell secretome (S-MenSC) on macrophage polarization remain unclear. This study studied the impact of secretomes from basal MenSCs (S-bMenSCs) and those preconditioned with IFNγ and TNFα (S-pMenSCs) on human monocytes and macrophages <i>in vitro</i>.<h4>Methods</h4>S-MenSCs were used to assess their effects on three stages of monocyte-derived cell maturation: i. monocyte differentiation; ii. polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) toward M1-like or M2-like phenotypes; and iii. reprogramming of pre-polarized M1 or M2 macrophages. Surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry and cytokine gene expression by RT-qPCR. In addition, a proteomic profiling was performed to identify proteins involved in the oFrontiers in cell and developmental biology1691010https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12872789biostudies-literatureMenstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cell secretome modulates macrophage polarization in a preconditioning-dependent manner.PMC12872789Gomez-Serrano MPulido MPorschke Jde Pedro MASanchez-Margallo FMMarchena AMGraumann JPogge von Strandmann EReinartz SSzymanski WLopez EAlvarez VGonzalez-Nuno FMfalseMenstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cell secretome modulates macrophage polarization in a preconditioning-dependent manner.<h4>Background</h4>The effects of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cell secretome (S-MenSC) on macrophage polarization remain unclear. This study studied the impact of secretomes from basal MenSCs (S-bMenSCs) and those preconditioned with IFNγ and TNFα (S-pMenSCs) on human monocytes and macrophages <i>in vitro</i>.<h4>Methods</h4>S-MenSCs were used to assess their effects on three stages of monocyte-derived cell maturation: i. monocyte differentiation; ii. polarization of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) toward M1-like or M2-like phenotypes; and iii. reprogramming of pre-polarized M1 or M2 macrophages. Surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry and cytokine gene expression by RT-qPCR. In addition, a proteomic profiling was performed to identify proteins involved in the o2025-01-01T00:00:00Z20252026-07-15T06:37:34.39Z2026-07-02T03:08:38.322ZS-EPMC128727894166001110.3389/fcell.2025.1691010