biostudies-literatureGao WShandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation348https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12899258biostudies-literatureUnknown18(3)Owing to the substantial polarity difference and weak interfacial interaction, the large-scale application of fly ash (FA) in rubber materials still faces substantial challenges. To solve this issue, this study prepared a modified hybrid SSBR@FA filler through a solution mechanochemical reaction between solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and FA in a lab planetary ball mill. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses demonstrated the in situ grafting-neutralization between the carboxyl in the SSBR chains and metal oxides in FA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that surface-grafted SSBR formed a rubber-constrained layer on FA particle surfaces, which can reduce their surface energy and improve the wettabilitPolymersPreparation of Low-Surface-Energy SSBR@FA Hybrid Fillers via Solution Mechanochemical Approach and Its Enhancement in Mechanical Strength on the Modified FA/SBR Composites.PMC12899258ZR2022QE227Huang ZSang CZhang XQi WGao WWang XZhao JFeng CLiu GfalsePreparation of Low-Surface-Energy SSBR@FA Hybrid Fillers via Solution Mechanochemical Approach and Its Enhancement in Mechanical Strength on the Modified FA/SBR Composites.Owing to the substantial polarity difference and weak interfacial interaction, the large-scale application of fly ash (FA) in rubber materials still faces substantial challenges. To solve this issue, this study prepared a modified hybrid SSBR@FA filler through a solution mechanochemical reaction between solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and FA in a lab planetary ball mill. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses demonstrated the in situ grafting-neutralization between the carboxyl in the SSBR chains and metal oxides in FA. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that surface-grafted SSBR formed a rubber-constrained layer on FA particle surfaces, which can reduce their surface energy and improve the wettabilit2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Jan2026-07-07T03:15:44.392Z2026-07-07T03:08:33.896ZS-EPMC128992584168205610.3390/polym18030348