biostudies-literatureJones BONIDA NIH HHSNational Institutes of HealthNational Institute on Drug Abuse107961https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12904990biostudies-literatureUnknown213In an animal model of compulsive drug use, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences and is considered punishment resistant. We recently found that punishment resistance is associated with habits that persist under conditions that typically encourage a transition to goal-directed control. Given that random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement influence whether responding is goal-directed or habitual, we investigated the influence of these schedules on punishment resistance for cocaine or food. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine or food pellets on a seeking-taking chained schedule of reinforcement, with the seeking lever requiring completion of either an RR20 or RNeurobiology of learning and memoryRandom interval schedule of reinforcement influences punishment resistance for cocaine in rats.PMC12904990DA046457R01 DA046457Handel SNSpencer HFPaladino MSJones BOCruz AMSmith RJfalseRandom interval schedule of reinforcement influences punishment resistance for cocaine in rats.In an animal model of compulsive drug use, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences and is considered punishment resistant. We recently found that punishment resistance is associated with habits that persist under conditions that typically encourage a transition to goal-directed control. Given that random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement influence whether responding is goal-directed or habitual, we investigated the influence of these schedules on punishment resistance for cocaine or food. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine or food pellets on a seeking-taking chained schedule of reinforcement, with the seeking lever requiring completion of either an RR20 or R2024-01-01T00:00:00Z2024 Sep2026-07-15T22:12:30.855Z2026-07-09T10:21:01.155ZS-EPMC129049903902542910.1016/j.nlm.2024.107961