{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["5(2)"],"submitter":["Pan J"],"pubmed_abstract":["A growing body of research on large language models (LLMs) has identified various biases, primarily in contexts where biases reflect societal patterns. This article focuses on a different source of bias in LLMs-government censorship. By comparing foundation models developed in China and those from outside China, we find substantially higher rates of refusal to respond, shorter responses, and inaccurate responses to a battery of 145 political questions in China-originating models. These disparities diminish for less-sensitive prompts, showing that technological and market differences cannot fully explain this divergence. While all models exhibit higher refusal to respond rates with Chinese-language prompts than English ones, language differences are less pronounced than disparities between "],"journal":["PNAS nexus"],"pagination":["pgag013"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12910507"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"pubmed_title":["Political censorship in large language models originating from China."],"pmcid":["PMC12910507"],"pubmed_authors":["Pan J","Xu X"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Political censorship in large language models originating from China.","description":"A growing body of research on large language models (LLMs) has identified various biases, primarily in contexts where biases reflect societal patterns. This article focuses on a different source of bias in LLMs-government censorship. By comparing foundation models developed in China and those from outside China, we find substantially higher rates of refusal to respond, shorter responses, and inaccurate responses to a battery of 145 political questions in China-originating models. These disparities diminish for less-sensitive prompts, showing that technological and market differences cannot fully explain this divergence. While all models exhibit higher refusal to respond rates with Chinese-language prompts than English ones, language differences are less pronounced than disparities between ","dates":{"release":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2026 Feb","modification":"2026-07-16T07:49:26.071Z","creation":"2026-07-09T10:46:21.341Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC12910507","cross_references":{"pubmed":["41709874"],"doi":["10.1093/pnasnexus/pgag013"]}}