biostudies-literatureGao SYClinical Youth Cadre Hospital Fund of Shanghai Children's Medical Center2024-National Clinical Key Specialty Construction ProjectSpecial Fund for People's Livelihood Scientific Research of Public Institutions under the Science and Technology Development Fund of Pudong New AreaNational Nature Science Foundation of ChinaSpecial Fund for People&apos;s Livelihood Scientific Research of Public Institutions under the Science and Technology Development Fund of Pudong New AreaClinical Youth Cadre Hospital Fund of Shanghai Children&apos;s Medical Center247-257https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12923387biostudies-literatureUnknown22(2)<h4>Background</h4>Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with diverse characteristics between ethnicities and ages. Understanding this heterogeneity is essential for optimizing management and developing precision treatments. This study investigates the clinical, metabolic and immunological heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children across different ages of onset.<h4>Methods</h4>A retrospective analysis of 401 children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at a single center from January 2009 to August 2024 was conducted. We compared the clinical characteristics of our cohort with others from different countries. Patients were categorized into three age groups: 6 months-5 years, 5-10 years and ≥ 10 years at diagnosis. Clinical, metabolic, and immuWorld journal of pediatrics : WJPAge-related heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: a single-center retrospective study.PMC12923387PKJ2025-Y03QN-SCMC2023-5No.10000015Z15508000000482170910Gao SYHuang YGWang LBLi JDing YWang XMChang GYHu FHZhang QWfalseAge-related heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: a single-center retrospective study.<h4>Background</h4>Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with diverse characteristics between ethnicities and ages. Understanding this heterogeneity is essential for optimizing management and developing precision treatments. This study investigates the clinical, metabolic and immunological heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children across different ages of onset.<h4>Methods</h4>A retrospective analysis of 401 children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus at a single center from January 2009 to August 2024 was conducted. We compared the clinical characteristics of our cohort with others from different countries. Patients were categorized into three age groups: 6 months-5 years, 5-10 years and ≥ 10 years at diagnosis. Clinical, metabolic, and immu2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Feb2026-07-16T14:47:37.969Z2026-07-09T11:02:07.332ZS-EPMC129233874145506910.1007/s12519-025-01004-3