biostudies-literatureUnknown127Elizondo Sada OMNederland Ministerie van Onderwijs Cultuur en WetenschapThe red seaweed Palmaria palmata is a promising source for alternative proteins. Development of mild and novel biorefinery approaches are needed for green processes yielding functional proteins. Process intensification using ultrasound-assisted unit operations can be an effective strategy to circumvent current seaweed biorefinery challenges, in particular limited protein extraction yields. In this research, first, effects of acoustic cavitation (AC) during ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were studied using a multifactorial design of experiments for total protein and R-phycoerythrin (RPE) extraction from P. palmata. Secondly, novel enzyme-assisted high-frequency ultrasonic extraction (EAUE) was developed following the same approach and responses. Contrary to the traditional acoustic caUltrasonics sonochemistry107783https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12930171biostudies-literatureIntensification of Palmaria palmata protein biorefinery using multifrequency ultrasonication and enzymes.PMC12930171Wijffels RHHuijgen WJJElizondo Sada OMKazbar ABoboescu IZvan Bers RWJCfalseIntensification of Palmaria palmata protein biorefinery using multifrequency ultrasonication and enzymes.The red seaweed Palmaria palmata is a promising source for alternative proteins. Development of mild and novel biorefinery approaches are needed for green processes yielding functional proteins. Process intensification using ultrasound-assisted unit operations can be an effective strategy to circumvent current seaweed biorefinery challenges, in particular limited protein extraction yields. In this research, first, effects of acoustic cavitation (AC) during ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were studied using a multifactorial design of experiments for total protein and R-phycoerythrin (RPE) extraction from P. palmata. Secondly, novel enzyme-assisted high-frequency ultrasonic extraction (EAUE) was developed following the same approach and responses. Contrary to the traditional acoustic ca2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Feb2026-07-09T12:20:21.696Z2026-07-09T11:17:31.7ZS-EPMC129301714170763510.1016/j.ultsonch.2026.107783