biostudies-literatureLuo YNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)2026https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC12946207biostudies-literatureUnknown17(1)Organic solar cells (OSCs) achieve 21% efficiency, yet non-radiative energy loss (qΔV_nr) remains a critical barrier to further improve the open-circuit voltage (V_OC). This loss is primarily governed by the optoelectronic properties of interfacial CT states, yet the precise role of electron-phonon coupling (EPC) is not fully resolved. Through analysis of three all-polymer OSCs and four small molecule acceptor (SMA)-based OSCs, we identify two donor-acceptor (D-A) interfacial mixed phases that foster two distinct CT states, establishing efficient charge generation. These two phases emerge from amorphous D-A entanglement, termed as Entangled (E-) interface, and the penetration of acceptor quasi-aggregates into donor polymer matrix, termed as Penetrated (P-) interfaces. TNature communicationsSuppressing electron-phonon coupling and energy loss in organic solar cells by modulating donor-acceptor penetrated-interface.PMC1294620752303249Li GWu JMa RWu LLam YMHai YChan YWang MLi YWong KSDong FJia TFan KLuo YDela Pena TAYan HfalseSuppressing electron-phonon coupling and energy loss in organic solar cells by modulating donor-acceptor penetrated-interface.Organic solar cells (OSCs) achieve 21% efficiency, yet non-radiative energy loss (qΔV_nr) remains a critical barrier to further improve the open-circuit voltage (V_OC). This loss is primarily governed by the optoelectronic properties of interfacial CT states, yet the precise role of electron-phonon coupling (EPC) is not fully resolved. Through analysis of three all-polymer OSCs and four small molecule acceptor (SMA)-based OSCs, we identify two donor-acceptor (D-A) interfacial mixed phases that foster two distinct CT states, establishing efficient charge generation. These two phases emerge from amorphous D-A entanglement, termed as Entangled (E-) interface, and the penetration of acceptor quasi-aggregates into donor polymer matrix, termed as Penetrated (P-) interfaces. T2026-01-01T00:00:00Z2026 Jan2026-07-16T22:28:38.071Z2026-07-11T03:12:04.096ZS-EPMC129462074158223810.1038/s41467-026-68731-7