biostudies-literatureUnknown11Strippoli GF<h4>Background</h4>Anemia is a risk factor for death, adverse cardiovascular outcomes and poor quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESA) are commonly used to increase hemoglobin levels in this population. In observational studies, higher hemoglobin levels (around 11-13 g/dL) are associated with improved survival and quality of life compared to hemoglobin levels around 9-10 g/dL. A systematic review of randomized trials found that targeting higher hemoglobin levels with ESA causes an increased risk of adverse vascular outcomes. It is possible, but has never been formally tested in a randomized trial, that ESA dose rather than targeted hemoglobin concentration itself mediates the increased risk of adverse vascular outcomes. The CliTrials70https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC2903576biostudies-literatureEffects of the dose of erythropoiesis stimulating agents on cardiovascular events, quality of life, and health-related costs in hemodialysis patients: the clinical evaluation of the dose of erythropoietins (C.E. DOSE) trial protocol.PMC2903576Maione AVernaglione LStrippoli GFFlammini ADi Micco LAmoroso LNicolucci ATriolo GAmaru SD'Alonzo DGiannoccaro GDi Franco DDi Toro Mammarella RD'Ambrosio NProcaccini DAFalco MMontalto GMalaguti MDi Giulio SJohnson DWVecchio MPellegrini FNavaneethan SDBonifati CGori EFici MLa Rosa SHegbrant JQuerques MCasu DVischini GPalmer SSantoro ASaglimbene VTedesco MMurgo ASambati MDagostino FTognoni GMandreoli MPalumbo RCraig JCGreco VClinical Evaluation of the DOse of Erythropoietins Study Group (C.E. DOSE)Boccia EValentini MfalseEffects of the dose of erythropoiesis stimulating agents on cardiovascular events, quality of life, and health-related costs in hemodialysis patients: the clinical evaluation of the dose of erythropoietins (C.E. DOSE) trial protocol.<h4>Background</h4>Anemia is a risk factor for death, adverse cardiovascular outcomes and poor quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESA) are commonly used to increase hemoglobin levels in this population. In observational studies, higher hemoglobin levels (around 11-13 g/dL) are associated with improved survival and quality of life compared to hemoglobin levels around 9-10 g/dL. A systematic review of randomized trials found that targeting higher hemoglobin levels with ESA causes an increased risk of adverse vascular outcomes. It is possible, but has never been formally tested in a randomized trial, that ESA dose rather than targeted hemoglobin concentration itself mediates the increased risk of adverse vascular outcomes. The Cli2010-01-01T00:00:00Z2010 Jun2025-04-19T15:13:32.876Z2019-03-27T00:32:24ZS-EPMC29035762053412410.1186/1745-6215-11-70