biostudies-literaturePark ESIntramural NIH HHSNCI NIH HHS17456-61https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC3198333biostudies-literatureUnknown108(42)Although the importance of the cellular microenvironment (soil) during invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (seed) has been well-recognized, technical challenges have limited the ability to assess the influence of the microenvironment on cancer cells at the molecular level. Here, we show that an experimental strategy, competitive cross-species hybridization of microarray experiments, can characterize the influence of different microenvironments on cancer cells by independently extracting gene expression data of cancer and host cells when human cancer cells were xenografted into different organ sites of immunocompromised mice. Surprisingly, the analysis of gene expression data showed that the brain microenvironment induces complete reprogramming of metastasized cancer cells, resulting inProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaCross-species hybridization of microarrays for studying tumor transcriptome of brain metastasis.PMC31983331U54CA143834-01P50 CA098258CA016672P30 CA016672PC0731845P50CA140388-02(PP-CDP2)P01 CA099031CA99031P50 CA140388Kim SWLeem SHPark YYFidler IJYoon SLWoo HGLee JSPark ESKim SBCheong JHKim SJKim SMMills GBfalseCross-species hybridization of microarrays for studying tumor transcriptome of brain metastasis.Although the importance of the cellular microenvironment (soil) during invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (seed) has been well-recognized, technical challenges have limited the ability to assess the influence of the microenvironment on cancer cells at the molecular level. Here, we show that an experimental strategy, competitive cross-species hybridization of microarray experiments, can characterize the influence of different microenvironments on cancer cells by independently extracting gene expression data of cancer and host cells when human cancer cells were xenografted into different organ sites of immunocompromised mice. Surprisingly, the analysis of gene expression data showed that the brain microenvironment induces complete reprogramming of metastasized cancer cells, resulting in2011-01-01T00:00:00Z2011 Oct2026-05-04T23:53:13.452Z2019-03-27T00:45:15ZS-EPMC31983332198781110.1073/pnas.1114210108