biostudies-literatureUnknown88(7)Obure CD<h4>Background</h4>Approaches to HIV counselling and testing (HCT) within low-resource high HIV prevalence settings have shifted over the years from primarily client-initiated approaches to provider initiated. As part of an ongoing programme science research agenda, we examine the relative costs of provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) services compared with voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services in the same health facilities in two low-resource settings: Kenya and Swaziland.<h4>Methods</h4>Annual financial and economic costs and output measures were collected retrospectively from 28 health facilities. Total annual costs and average costs per client counselled and tested (C&T), and HIV-positive clients identified, were estimated.<h4>Results</h4>VCT remains the predomiSexually transmitted infections498-503https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC3595498biostudies-literatureOptimising the cost and delivery of HIV counselling and testing services in Kenya and Swaziland.PMC3595498Terris-Prestholt FWatts CMichaels CMayhew SStackpool-Moore LVassall AIntegra research teamObure CDWarren CfalseOptimising the cost and delivery of HIV counselling and testing services in Kenya and Swaziland.<h4>Background</h4>Approaches to HIV counselling and testing (HCT) within low-resource high HIV prevalence settings have shifted over the years from primarily client-initiated approaches to provider initiated. As part of an ongoing programme science research agenda, we examine the relative costs of provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) services compared with voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services in the same health facilities in two low-resource settings: Kenya and Swaziland.<h4>Methods</h4>Annual financial and economic costs and output measures were collected retrospectively from 28 health facilities. Total annual costs and average costs per client counselled and tested (C&T), and HIV-positive clients identified, were estimated.<h4>Results</h4>VCT remains the predomi2012-01-01T00:00:00Z2012 Nov2025-04-04T14:33:11.562Z2019-03-27T01:06:01ZS-EPMC35954982285949810.1136/sextrans-2012-050544