biostudies-literatureUnknown6(1)Lin L<h4>Introduction</h4>The molecular links between shock-response and adaptation remain poorly understood, particularly for extremophiles. This has hindered rational engineering of solvent tolerance and correlated traits (e.g., productivity) in extremophiles. To untangle such molecular links, here we established a model that tracked the microevolution from shock to adaptation in thermophilic bacteria.<h4>Method</h4>Temporal dynamics of genomes and transcriptomes was tracked for Thermoanaerobacter sp. X514 which under increasing exogenous ethanol evolved from ethanol-sensitive wild-type (Strain X) to tolerance of 2%- (XI) and eventually 6%-ethanol (XII). Based on the reconstructed transcriptional network underlying stress tolerance, genetic engineering was employed to improve ethanol tolerancBiotechnology for biofuels103https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC3751872biostudies-literatureMicroevolution from shock to adaptation revealed strategies improving ethanol tolerance and production in Thermoanaerobacter.PMC3751872Zhou QZeng XSong HHuang RWang KCui QXu JTeng LLi YTu QHe ZJi YLin LZhou JfalseMicroevolution from shock to adaptation revealed strategies improving ethanol tolerance and production in Thermoanaerobacter.<h4>Introduction</h4>The molecular links between shock-response and adaptation remain poorly understood, particularly for extremophiles. This has hindered rational engineering of solvent tolerance and correlated traits (e.g., productivity) in extremophiles. To untangle such molecular links, here we established a model that tracked the microevolution from shock to adaptation in thermophilic bacteria.<h4>Method</h4>Temporal dynamics of genomes and transcriptomes was tracked for Thermoanaerobacter sp. X514 which under increasing exogenous ethanol evolved from ethanol-sensitive wild-type (Strain X) to tolerance of 2%- (XI) and eventually 6%-ethanol (XII). Based on the reconstructed transcriptional network underlying stress tolerance, genetic engineering was employed to improve ethanol toleranc2013-01-01T00:00:00Z2013 Jul2026-05-30T14:22:52.049Z2019-03-27T01:14:59ZS-EPMC37518722387584610.1186/1754-6834-6-103