biostudies-literatureUnknown10(11)Bohm HMicrobe- or host damage-derived patterns mediate activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. Microbial virulence factor (effector)-triggered immunity (ETI) constitutes a second layer of plant protection against microbial attack. Various necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) produced by bacterial, oomycete and fungal microbes are phytotoxic virulence factors that exert immunogenic activities through phytotoxin-induced host cell damage. We here show that multiple cytotoxic NLPs also carry a pattern of 20 amino acid residues (nlp20) that triggers immunity-associated plant defenses and immunity to microbial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana and related plant species with similar characteristics as the prototype pattern, bacterial flagellin. CharactePLoS pathogense1004491https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC4223075biostudies-literatureA conserved peptide pattern from a widespread microbial virulence factor triggers pattern-induced immunity in Arabidopsis.PMC4223075Nurnberger TAlbert IOome SBohm HVan den Ackerveken GRaaymakers TMfalseA conserved peptide pattern from a widespread microbial virulence factor triggers pattern-induced immunity in Arabidopsis.Microbe- or host damage-derived patterns mediate activation of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. Microbial virulence factor (effector)-triggered immunity (ETI) constitutes a second layer of plant protection against microbial attack. Various necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLPs) produced by bacterial, oomycete and fungal microbes are phytotoxic virulence factors that exert immunogenic activities through phytotoxin-induced host cell damage. We here show that multiple cytotoxic NLPs also carry a pattern of 20 amino acid residues (nlp20) that triggers immunity-associated plant defenses and immunity to microbial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana and related plant species with similar characteristics as the prototype pattern, bacterial flagellin. Characte2014-01-01T00:00:00Z2014 Nov2025-04-05T09:46:33.808Z2019-03-27T01:39:04ZS-EPMC42230752537510810.1371/journal.ppat.1004491