biostudies-literatureUnknown4(11)Berg RC<h4>Objective</h4>Worldwide, an estimated 125 million girls and women live with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). We aimed to systematically review the evidence for physical health risks associated with FGM/C.<h4>Design</h4>We searched 15 databases to identify studies (up to January 2012). Selection criteria were empirical studies reporting physical health outcomes from FGM/C, affecting females with any type of FGM/C, irrespective of ethnicity, nationality and age. Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts, applied eligibility criteria, assessed methodological study quality and extracted full-text data. To derive overall risk estimates, we combined data from included studies using the Mantel-Haenszel method for unadjusted dichotomous data and the generic inverBMJ opene006316https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC4244458biostudies-literatureEffects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PMC4244458Berg RCOdgaard-Jensen JVist GEUnderland VFretheim AfalseEffects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.<h4>Objective</h4>Worldwide, an estimated 125 million girls and women live with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). We aimed to systematically review the evidence for physical health risks associated with FGM/C.<h4>Design</h4>We searched 15 databases to identify studies (up to January 2012). Selection criteria were empirical studies reporting physical health outcomes from FGM/C, affecting females with any type of FGM/C, irrespective of ethnicity, nationality and age. Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts, applied eligibility criteria, assessed methodological study quality and extracted full-text data. To derive overall risk estimates, we combined data from included studies using the Mantel-Haenszel method for unadjusted dichotomous data and the generic inver2014-01-01T00:00:00Z2014 Nov2025-05-29T20:07:33.221Z2025-05-29T20:07:33.221ZS-EPMC42444582541605910.1136/bmjopen-2014-006316