biostudies-literatureUnknown10(5)Liou JM<h4>Objective</h4>The Taiwan Government issued a policy to restrict antimicrobial usage since 2001. We aimed to assess the changes in the antibiotic consumption and the primary resistance of H. pylori after this policy and the impact of virulence factors on resistance.<h4>Methods</h4>The defined daily dose (DDD) of antibiotics was analyzed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) research database. H. pylori strains isolated from treatment naïve (N=1395) and failure from prior eradication therapies (N=360) from 9 hospitals between 2000 and 2012 were used for analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution test. Genotyping for CagA and VacA was determined by PCR method.<h4>Results</h4>The DDD per 1000 persons per day of macrolides reduced from 1.12 in PloS onee0124199https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC4420283biostudies-literatureThe Primary Resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Taiwan after the National Policy to Restrict Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relation to Virulence Factors-A Nationwide Study.PMC4420283Tseng CHWang HPTaiwan Gastrointestinal Disease and Helicobacter ConsortiumChang WHLuo JCWu CYBair MJChen CCFang YJLee JYWu JYSheu BSChang CCLin JTChen MJLiou TCWu MSLiou JMChang CYYang THfalseThe Primary Resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Taiwan after the National Policy to Restrict Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relation to Virulence Factors-A Nationwide Study.<h4>Objective</h4>The Taiwan Government issued a policy to restrict antimicrobial usage since 2001. We aimed to assess the changes in the antibiotic consumption and the primary resistance of H. pylori after this policy and the impact of virulence factors on resistance.<h4>Methods</h4>The defined daily dose (DDD) of antibiotics was analyzed using the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI) research database. H. pylori strains isolated from treatment naïve (N=1395) and failure from prior eradication therapies (N=360) from 9 hospitals between 2000 and 2012 were used for analysis. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution test. Genotyping for CagA and VacA was determined by PCR method.<h4>Results</h4>The DDD per 1000 persons per day of macrolides reduced from 1.12 in 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z20152025-04-27T01:00:40.802Z2019-03-26T23:32:31ZS-EPMC44202832594245010.1371/journal.pone.0124199