biostudies-literatureFoks ACNIAID NIH HHSNHLBI NIH HHS456-65https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC4853762biostudies-literatureUnknown36(3)<h4>Objective</h4>T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are expressed by numerous immune cells, recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, and function as costimulators or coinhibitors. Tim-1 is expressed by activated T cells but is also found on dendritic cells and B cells. Tim-4, present on macrophages and dendritic cells, plays a critical role in apoptotic cell clearance, regulates the number of phosphatidylserine-expressing activated T cells, and is genetically associated with low low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Because these functions of Tim-1 and Tim-4 could affect atherosclerosis, their modulation has potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease.<h4>Approach and results</h4>ldlr(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks while beinArteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biologyBlockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 Enhances Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice.PMC4853762HL087282P50 HL056985R01 HL087282R01AI089955R01 HL121363P01AI054456R01 AI089955P01 AI054456Kuperwaser FGonen AJarolim PDeKruyff RHFreeman GJWitztum JLAlberts-Grill NFoks ACLederer JLichtman AHEngelbertsen DfalseBlockade of Tim-1 and Tim-4 Enhances Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice.<h4>Objective</h4>T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) proteins are expressed by numerous immune cells, recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, and function as costimulators or coinhibitors. Tim-1 is expressed by activated T cells but is also found on dendritic cells and B cells. Tim-4, present on macrophages and dendritic cells, plays a critical role in apoptotic cell clearance, regulates the number of phosphatidylserine-expressing activated T cells, and is genetically associated with low low-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Because these functions of Tim-1 and Tim-4 could affect atherosclerosis, their modulation has potential therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease.<h4>Approach and results</h4>ldlr(-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks while bein2016-01-01T00:00:00Z2016 Mar2026-05-05T08:28:38.595Z2019-03-27T02:12:53ZS-EPMC48537622682194410.1161/ATVBAHA.115.30686010.1161/atvbaha.115.306860