biostudies-literatureWotanis CKAppalachian State University (US) OSR and Department of BiologyNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIAID NIH HHSe0186291https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC5646818biostudies-literatureUnknown12(10)The polyamine norspermidine is one of the major polyamines synthesized by Vibrionales and has also been found in various aquatic organisms. Norspermidine is among the environmental signals that positively regulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. The NspS/MbaA signaling complex detects extracellular norspermidine and mediates the response to this polyamine. Norspermidine binding to the NspS periplasmic binding protein is thought to inhibit the phosphodiesterase activity of MbaA, increasing levels of the biofilm-promoting second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, thus enhancing biofilm formation. V. cholerae can also synthesize norspermidine using the enzyme NspC as well as import it from the environment. Deletion of the nspC gene was shown to reduce accumulation of bacteria in bPloS oneRelative contributions of norspermidine synthesis and signaling pathways to the regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation.PMC5646818AI096358R15 AI096358Angotti ADSobe RCWotanis CKVilla EAZayner JPRutkovsky ACKaratan EBrennan WPBond WGMozina ANfalseRelative contributions of norspermidine synthesis and signaling pathways to the regulation of Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation.The polyamine norspermidine is one of the major polyamines synthesized by Vibrionales and has also been found in various aquatic organisms. Norspermidine is among the environmental signals that positively regulate Vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. The NspS/MbaA signaling complex detects extracellular norspermidine and mediates the response to this polyamine. Norspermidine binding to the NspS periplasmic binding protein is thought to inhibit the phosphodiesterase activity of MbaA, increasing levels of the biofilm-promoting second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, thus enhancing biofilm formation. V. cholerae can also synthesize norspermidine using the enzyme NspC as well as import it from the environment. Deletion of the nspC gene was shown to reduce accumulation of bacteria in b2017-01-01T00:00:00Z20172025-04-04T14:03:54.962Z2019-03-27T02:59:17ZS-EPMC56468182904545510.1371/journal.pone.0186291