biostudies-literatureBauer KWAmerican Heart AssociationEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentNICHD NIH HHSNIDDK NIH HHS172https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC5735902biostudies-literatureUnknown14(1)BACKGROUND:Restrictive feeding by parents has been associated with greater eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) among children, a risk factor for obesity. However, few studies have examined the association between restrictive feeding and EAH longitudinally, raising questions regarding the direction of associations between restrictive feeding and child EAH. Our objective was to examine the bidirectional prospective associations between restrictive feeding and EAH among toddlers. METHODS:Low-income mother-child dyads (n = 229) participated when children were 21, 27, and 33 months old. Restriction with regard to food amount and food quality were measured with the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire. EAH was measured as kilocalories of food children consumed after a satiating meal. A cross-laThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activityMaternal restrictive feeding and eating in the absence of hunger among toddlers: a cohort study.PMC5735902P30 DK092926R01 HD069179P30 DK020572R01HD06917917GRNT33350079Miller ALRosenblum KLumeng JCAppugliese DPKaciroti NABauer KWHaines JfalseMaternal restrictive feeding and eating in the absence of hunger among toddlers: a cohort study.BACKGROUND:Restrictive feeding by parents has been associated with greater eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) among children, a risk factor for obesity. However, few studies have examined the association between restrictive feeding and EAH longitudinally, raising questions regarding the direction of associations between restrictive feeding and child EAH. Our objective was to examine the bidirectional prospective associations between restrictive feeding and EAH among toddlers. METHODS:Low-income mother-child dyads (n = 229) participated when children were 21, 27, and 33 months old. Restriction with regard to food amount and food quality were measured with the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire. EAH was measured as kilocalories of food children consumed after a satiating meal. A cross-la2017-01-01T00:00:00Z2017 Dec2025-04-22T16:06:52.419Z2019-03-27T03:05:10ZS-EPMC57359022925862110.1186/s12966-017-0630-8