biostudies-literatureHoogman MShire Pharmaceuticals Inc.German Research FoundationUnited States National Institute of Mental HealthDepartment of Health of the Government of CataloniaShireNIMH NIH HHSUS patentVU University AmsterdamNational Institutes of HealthNetherlands Brain FoundationNeurovanceMcNeilNWO Large InvestmentAustralian Research CouncilGeneralitat de CatalunyaUK Department of HealthUniversity Medical Center Groningen and AccareHealth Research Board IrelandUS Food and Drug AdministrationShire Pharmaceuticals IncMinisterio de Economía y CompetitividadAACAPForest Research InstituteEuropean Union FP7 programmes TACTICSDepartment of DefenseBrain and Cognition Excellence ProgramNIMHK G Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayStavros S Niarchos FoundationMedical Research CouncilNational Health and Medical Research CouncilNIBIB NIH HHSEli LillyEuropean Community&apos;s Seventh Framework ProgrammeEuropean Union&apos;s Seventh Framework ProgrammeVAYA PharmaMagceutics Inc.MerckIronshoreImpaxBBMRI-NLDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftSunovionJanssenCogCubedDutch Research Council (NWO)European Union&apos;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmeVaya Pharma/EnzymotecOtsukaLillyAlcobraSPRITESproject D8 of the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft Collaborative Research CenterK G Jebsen FoundationNIDA NIH HHSPfizerAkili Interactive LabsEuropean College for NeuropsychopharmacologyNIHRadboud University Medical CenterNWO Brain and CognitionNovartisResearch Agreement with General Electric HealthcareNeuroLifeSciencesLundbeckPamLabMarie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework ProgrammeNational Institute on Drug Abuse310-319https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC5933934biostudies-literatureUnknown4(4)<h4>Background</h4>Neuroimaging studies have shown structural alterations in several brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through the formation of the international ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, we aimed to address weaknesses of previous imaging studies and meta-analyses, namely inadequate sample size and methodological heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in children and adults with ADHD compared with those without this diagnosis.<h4>Methods</h4>In this cross-sectional mega-analysis, we used the data from the international ENIGMA Working Group collaboration, which in the present analysis was frozen at Feb 8, 2015. Individual sites analysed structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans with harmonised prThe lancet. PsychiatrySubcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis.PMC5933934APP11036231750102007010K23 MH087770433-09-229433–09–242IRTG1328R01MH081803R01 MH081803636U01MH099059R01MH094639667302KFO 12515F07[2]27FT110100548016–130–669U01 MH099059PI12/01139G03001896CP2010–33R01 MH083246433–09–229433-09-242US20130217707 A1G0300189U54 EB020403R01MH62873KFO-112U01 MH109536-01327340SAF2012–32362RO1 MH62152Z02RE1632/5–1T32MH67763P41 EB015922602805TRR SFB 58 B06SFB-TRR 58/B01K23MH087770R01MH083246R01 MH062873HHSN271200800009CTRR 58/A1 and A5R01 MH062152602450278948R21 MH091461R01 MH094639T32 MH067763K01 MH1106455R01MH101519Doyle AEMartino ADHoekstra PJTovar-Moll FHartman CAFaraone SVHoogman MZierhut KHeslenfeld DJHibar DPMedland SEBramati IDouglas PSchweren LSJKohls GSeitz JDramsdahl MHohmann SHaavik JBrandeis DKonrad KDurston SSzekely EDammers JTKuntsi JWolfers TOberwelland EChantiluke KZwiers MPMattos PTamm LMcCarthy HThompson PMJernigan TLSudre GRommelse NSoliva JCBaur RSchork AVives-Gilabert YAmbrosino SBralten JLesch KPFranke BMilham MPvan Hulzen KJEMennes MCubillo AShaw PKelly CLundervold AJVilarroya OOnnink AMHAsherson PZeeuw PRubia KMehta MABaumeister SZentis MConzelmann AYoncheva YNBanaschewski TCastellanos FXJahanshad NDale ARamos-Quiroga JAMostert JCBiederman JBuitelaar JKPauli PHugdahl KPolier GVSeidman LJOosterlaan JHovik MFPaloyelis YSchulte-Ruther MFrodl TPlessen KJShumskaya Evan Erp TGMReif AfalseSubcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis.<h4>Background</h4>Neuroimaging studies have shown structural alterations in several brain regions in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through the formation of the international ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, we aimed to address weaknesses of previous imaging studies and meta-analyses, namely inadequate sample size and methodological heterogeneity. We aimed to investigate whether there are structural differences in children and adults with ADHD compared with those without this diagnosis.<h4>Methods</h4>In this cross-sectional mega-analysis, we used the data from the international ENIGMA Working Group collaboration, which in the present analysis was frozen at Feb 8, 2015. Individual sites analysed structural T1-weighted MRI brain scans with harmonised pr2017-01-01T00:00:00Z2017 Apr2025-05-29T22:11:39.386Z2019-03-26T23:34:48ZS-EPMC59339342821962810.1016/S2215-0366(17)30049-410.1016/s2215-0366(17)30049-4