biostudies-literatureGraziano FEuropean Commission (EC)European Commission14249https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6155284biostudies-literatureUnknown8(1)We have reported that short-term stimulation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), i.e. M1 polarization, leads to a significant containment of virus replication. Here we show that M1-MDM restimulation with these cytokines 7 days after infection (M1² MDM) promoted an increased restriction of HIV-1 replication characterized by very low levels of virus production near to undetectable levels. In comparison to control and M1-MDM that were not restimulated, M1² MDM showed a stronger reduction of both total and integrated HIV DNA as well as of viral mRNA expression. M1² MDM were characterized by an upregulated expression of restriction factors acting at the level of reverse transcription Scientific reportsReversible Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Latency in Primary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Induced by Sustained M1 Polarization.PMC6155284305938602893Accolla RSPoli GForlani GGraziano FTurrini FAimola GVicenzi EfalseReversible Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Latency in Primary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Induced by Sustained M1 Polarization.We have reported that short-term stimulation of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), i.e. M1 polarization, leads to a significant containment of virus replication. Here we show that M1-MDM restimulation with these cytokines 7 days after infection (M1² MDM) promoted an increased restriction of HIV-1 replication characterized by very low levels of virus production near to undetectable levels. In comparison to control and M1-MDM that were not restimulated, M1² MDM showed a stronger reduction of both total and integrated HIV DNA as well as of viral mRNA expression. M1² MDM were characterized by an upregulated expression of restriction factors acting at the level of reverse transcription 2018-01-01T00:00:00Z2018 Sep2025-04-07T11:12:43.447Z2019-03-26T23:57:42ZS-EPMC61552843025007810.1038/s41598-018-32451-w