biostudies-literaturePalczewska GNational Eye InstituteNEI NIH HHSthe European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programmethe National Institutes of Health (NIH)NIH HHSNIGMS NIH HHS121555https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6171813biostudies-literatureUnknown3(17)Noninvasive imaging of visual system components in vivo is critical for understanding the causal mechanisms of retinal diseases and for developing therapies for their treatment. However, ultraviolet light needed to excite endogenous fluorophores that participate in metabolic processes of the retina is highly attenuated by the anterior segment of the human eye. In contrast, 2-photon excitation fluorescence imaging with pulsed infrared light overcomes this obstacle. Reducing retinal exposure to laser radiation remains a major barrier in advancing this technology to studies in humans. To increase fluorescence intensity and reduce the requisite laser power, we modulated ultrashort laser pulses with high-order dispersion compensation and applied sensorless adaptive optics and custom image recovJCI insightTwo-photon imaging of the mammalian retina with ultrafast pulsing laser.PMC6171813T32 GM007250EY R24024864R24 EY027283P30 EY011373P30 EY025585S10 OD016164T32 EY024236F30 EY029136U01 EY025451R24 EY024864grant No. 666295EY027283,U01 EY025451Suh SSalom DRuminski DChoi EHWojtkowski MPalczewski KStremplewski PPalczewska GDong ZAlexander NSears AEKern TSfalseTwo-photon imaging of the mammalian retina with ultrafast pulsing laser.Noninvasive imaging of visual system components in vivo is critical for understanding the causal mechanisms of retinal diseases and for developing therapies for their treatment. However, ultraviolet light needed to excite endogenous fluorophores that participate in metabolic processes of the retina is highly attenuated by the anterior segment of the human eye. In contrast, 2-photon excitation fluorescence imaging with pulsed infrared light overcomes this obstacle. Reducing retinal exposure to laser radiation remains a major barrier in advancing this technology to studies in humans. To increase fluorescence intensity and reduce the requisite laser power, we modulated ultrashort laser pulses with high-order dispersion compensation and applied sensorless adaptive optics and custom image recov2018-01-01T00:00:00Z2018 Sep2026-06-14T05:42:34.701Z2019-03-27T00:01:20ZS-EPMC61718133018566510.1172/jci.insight.121555