biostudies-literatureUnknown10Cvetkovic LDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftDeutsches Zentrum für Luft- und RaumfahrtB lymphocytes, as a central part of adaptive immune responses, have the ability to fight against an almost unlimited numbers of pathogens. Impairment of B cell development, activation and differentiation to antibody secreting plasma cells can lead to malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. However, the impact of environmental factors, such as hyperosmolality or osmotic stress caused by varying salt concentrations in different lymphoid organs, on these processes is not well-understood. Here, we report that B cells respond to osmotic stress in a biphasic manner. Initially, increased osmolality boosted B cell activation and differentiation as shown by an untimely downregulation of Pax5 as well as upregulation of CD138. However, in the second phase, we observed an increase in cFrontiers in immunology828https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6482216biostudies-literatureThe Impact of Hyperosmolality on Activation and Differentiation of B Lymphoid Cells.PMC6482216Jack HMPerisic SCvetkovic LTitze JSchuh WfalseThe Impact of Hyperosmolality on Activation and Differentiation of B Lymphoid Cells.B lymphocytes, as a central part of adaptive immune responses, have the ability to fight against an almost unlimited numbers of pathogens. Impairment of B cell development, activation and differentiation to antibody secreting plasma cells can lead to malignancy, allergy, autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. However, the impact of environmental factors, such as hyperosmolality or osmotic stress caused by varying salt concentrations in different lymphoid organs, on these processes is not well-understood. Here, we report that B cells respond to osmotic stress in a biphasic manner. Initially, increased osmolality boosted B cell activation and differentiation as shown by an untimely downregulation of Pax5 as well as upregulation of CD138. However, in the second phase, we observed an increase in c2019-01-01T00:00:00Z20192025-04-20T03:22:23.676Z2019-06-06T23:07:52ZS-EPMC64822163105755110.3389/fimmu.2019.00828