biostudies-literatureShen SSMinistry of National Defense, People's Republic of China (CN)Ministry of National Defense, People&apos;s Republic of China49https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6570864biostudies-literatureUnknown8(1)<h4>Background</h4>Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten human health, and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. Currently, the antagonistic relationship between different pathogens during concurrent coinfections is defined as one in which one pathogen either manages to inhibit the invasion, development and reproduction of the other pathogen or biologically modulates the vector density. In this review, we provide an overview of the phenomenon and mechanisms of antagonism of coinfecting pathogens involving parasites.<h4>Main body</h4>This review summarizes the antagonistic interaction between parasites and parasites, parasites and viruses, and parasites and bacteria. At present, relatively clear mechInfectious diseases of povertyInfection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria.PMC65708642016YFC1202003Lv ZYZhang WZLi JQu XYShen SSfalseInfection against infection: parasite antagonism against parasites, viruses and bacteria.<h4>Background</h4>Infectious diseases encompass a large spectrum of diseases that threaten human health, and coinfection is of particular importance because pathogen species can interact within the host. Currently, the antagonistic relationship between different pathogens during concurrent coinfections is defined as one in which one pathogen either manages to inhibit the invasion, development and reproduction of the other pathogen or biologically modulates the vector density. In this review, we provide an overview of the phenomenon and mechanisms of antagonism of coinfecting pathogens involving parasites.<h4>Main body</h4>This review summarizes the antagonistic interaction between parasites and parasites, parasites and viruses, and parasites and bacteria. At present, relatively clear mech2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2019 Jun2025-04-26T02:15:24.224Z2019-07-24T07:18:55ZS-EPMC65708643120076510.1186/s40249-019-0560-6