{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Beavers WN"],"funding":["American Heart Association","NEI NIH HHS","NCRR NIH HHS","NIDDK NIH HHS","NIAID NIH HHS","NHLBI NIH HHS","HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","NCI NIH HHS","HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"],"pagination":["e01333-19"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6775451"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["10(5)"],"pubmed_abstract":["<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infects every niche of the human host. In response to microbial infection, vertebrates have an arsenal of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial cells. One class of antimicrobial compounds consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are highly abundant in eukaryotes and encountered by <i>S. aureus</i> at the host-pathogen interface. Arachidonic acid (AA) is one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in vertebrates and is released in large amounts during the oxidative burst. Most of the released AA is converted to bioactive signaling molecules, but, independently of its role in inflammatory signaling, AA is toxic to <i>S. aureus</i> Here, we report that AA kills <i>S. aureus</i> through a lipid peroxidation mechanism whereby AA is oxidized to reactive electrophiles that modify <i>S. aureus</i> macromolecules, eliciting toxicity. This process is rescued by cotreatment with antioxidants as well as in a <i>S. aureus</i> strain genetically inactivated for <i>lcpA</i> (USA300 <i>ΔlcpA</i> mutant) that produces lower levels of reactive oxygen species. However, resistance to AA stress in the USA300 <i>ΔlcpA</i> mutant comes at a cost, making the mutant more susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics and attenuated for pathogenesis in a murine infection model compared to the parental methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) strain, indicating that resistance to AA toxicity increases susceptibility to other stressors encountered during infection. This report defines the mechanism by which AA is toxic to <i>S. aureus</i> and identifies lipid peroxidation as a pathway that can be modulated for the development of future therapeutics to treat <i>S. aureus</i> infections.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Despite the ability of the human immune system to generate a plethora of molecules to control <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infections, <i>S. aureus</i> is among the pathogens with the greatest impact on human health. One class of host molecules toxic to <i>S. aureus</i> consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we investigated the antibacterial properties of arachidonic acid, one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans, and discovered that the mechanism of toxicity against <i>S. aureus</i> proceeds through lipid peroxidation. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system kills <i>S. aureus</i>, and by which <i>S. aureus</i> avoids host killing, will enable the optimal design of therapeutics that complement the ability of the vertebrate immune response to eliminate <i>S. aureus</i> infections."],"journal":["mBio"],"pubmed_title":["Arachidonic Acid Kills Staphylococcus aureus through a Lipid Peroxidation Mechanism."],"pmcid":["PMC6775451"],"funding_grant_id":["R01 AI069233","R01 AI073843","P30 CA068485","UL1 RR024975","18POST34030426","T32 AI007474","G20 RR030956","P30 DK058404","R01Al073843","P30 EY008126","F32 HL144081","T32 HL069765"],"pubmed_authors":["Roberts LJ","Amarnath V","Chazin WJ","Skaar EP","Beavers WN","Mernaugh RL","Davies SS","Monteith AJ"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Arachidonic Acid Kills Staphylococcus aureus through a Lipid Peroxidation Mechanism.","description":"<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infects every niche of the human host. In response to microbial infection, vertebrates have an arsenal of antimicrobial compounds that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacterial cells. One class of antimicrobial compounds consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are highly abundant in eukaryotes and encountered by <i>S. aureus</i> at the host-pathogen interface. Arachidonic acid (AA) is one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in vertebrates and is released in large amounts during the oxidative burst. Most of the released AA is converted to bioactive signaling molecules, but, independently of its role in inflammatory signaling, AA is toxic to <i>S. aureus</i> Here, we report that AA kills <i>S. aureus</i> through a lipid peroxidation mechanism whereby AA is oxidized to reactive electrophiles that modify <i>S. aureus</i> macromolecules, eliciting toxicity. This process is rescued by cotreatment with antioxidants as well as in a <i>S. aureus</i> strain genetically inactivated for <i>lcpA</i> (USA300 <i>ΔlcpA</i> mutant) that produces lower levels of reactive oxygen species. However, resistance to AA stress in the USA300 <i>ΔlcpA</i> mutant comes at a cost, making the mutant more susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics and attenuated for pathogenesis in a murine infection model compared to the parental methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA) strain, indicating that resistance to AA toxicity increases susceptibility to other stressors encountered during infection. This report defines the mechanism by which AA is toxic to <i>S. aureus</i> and identifies lipid peroxidation as a pathway that can be modulated for the development of future therapeutics to treat <i>S. aureus</i> infections.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Despite the ability of the human immune system to generate a plethora of molecules to control <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> infections, <i>S. aureus</i> is among the pathogens with the greatest impact on human health. One class of host molecules toxic to <i>S. aureus</i> consists of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Here, we investigated the antibacterial properties of arachidonic acid, one of the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans, and discovered that the mechanism of toxicity against <i>S. aureus</i> proceeds through lipid peroxidation. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system kills <i>S. aureus</i>, and by which <i>S. aureus</i> avoids host killing, will enable the optimal design of therapeutics that complement the ability of the vertebrate immune response to eliminate <i>S. aureus</i> infections.","dates":{"release":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2019 Oct","modification":"2026-06-09T03:22:45.66Z","creation":"2026-06-09T03:12:13.264Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC6775451","cross_references":{"pubmed":["31575763"],"doi":["10.1128/mBio.01333-19"]}}